Last Day at School Essay Example for Free

Last Day at School EssayAs we come to the end of 2012-13, the words that come to mind are thank you. This has been an direful year As we reflect on the 2013-2014 school year, please join me in acknowledging and celebrating the many wonderful learning experiences and educational opportunities that have taken commit for our students at school, in numerous classrooms and in very creative and innovative ways. Together we have planned and executed best teaching practices and held students to high standards and expectations. The schools bizarre character, excellence in teaching, and the tremendous dedication and talent of all staff members continues to make it a wonderful and special learning environment. It is my deep belief that the earmark of a great school is to continuously work to improve learning for each and every child. As the leader of the school, I see this is as my intimately important responsibility and I take it very seriously. Therefore, creating strong and effect ive teacher teams at each grade level each year is a top priority for me as I work to ensure positive and effective teacher collaboration on behalf of childrens learning.As principal, I am solely responsible for the supervision and evaluation of every staff member at School. In doing this, I visited every classroom several times throughout the year for extended periods of time as well as made numerous informal visits. These observational visits have given me a unique spot on the teaching life of the school. I have been able to see firsthand how and what kind of learning is taking place in every classroom. In addition, I have also gained knowledge and perspective in working with faculty members both in groups or individually, throughout the year.This year can be summarized in a few words In the face of significant challenges, we made significant progress. I thank you for your continued commitment and all that you did to devolve on our purpose to help students and parents seize opp ortunities at every stage. I wish Mr Shawn and Ms Charo a wonderful future in terms of their careers and ad hominem lives. Please enjoy some well deserved rest with family and friends during this holiday season, and lets get right back to school on thirteenth July 2013 at 8. 00 am.

Introduction to programming Essay Example for Free

Introduction to programme EssayAs this course is entitle Introduction to program, therefore it is most essential and appropriate to understand what programming really means. Let us world-class see a wide known definition of programming. Definition A program is a precise sequence of steps to sack a particular problem. It means that when we say that we create a program, it actually mean that we know about a complete set activities to be performed in a particular order. The purpose of these activities is to solve a given problem. Alan Perlis, a professor at Yale University, saysSee more how to write an introduction paragraph for an essayIt goes against the grain of modern education to teach children to program. What drama is there in making plans, acquiring discipline in organizing thoughts, devoting solicitude to detail and reading to be self-critical? It is a sarcastic statement about modern education, and it means that the modern education is not developing critical s kills like planning, organizing and paying(a) attention to detail. Practically, in our day to day lives we atomic number 18 constantly planning, organizing and paying attention to fine enlarge (if we want our plans to succeed). And it is also fun to do these activities. For example, for a picnic trip we plan where to go, what to wear, what to take for lunch, organize travel details and have a good date while doing so.When we talk about information processing system programming then as Mr. Steve Summit puts it At its most rudimentary level, programming a computer simply means telling it what to do, and this vapid-sounding definition is not even a joke. There are no new(prenominal) sincerely fundamental aspects of computer programming everything else we talk about will simply be the details of a particular, usually artificial, mechanism for telling a computer what to do. Sometimes these mechanisms are chosen because they have been found to be convenient for programmers (people) to use other times they have been chosen because theyre easy for the computer to understand. The first hard thing about programming is to learn, become comfortable with, and accept these artificial mechanisms, whether they make sense to you or not. Why Programming is valuableThe read/write head most of the people ask is why should we learn to program when there are so many application software and code generators available to do the task for us. Well the answer is as give by the Matthias Felleisen in the book How to design programs The answer consists of two parts. First, it is indeed true that traditional forms of programming are useful for just a few people. But, programming as we the authors understand it is useful for everyone the administrative secretary who uses spreadsheets as well as the hi-tech programmer. In other words, we have a broader notion of programming in top dog than the traditional one.We explain our notion in a moment. Second, we teach our caprice of progr amming with a technology that is based on the principle of minimal intrusion. Hence, our notion of programming teaches problem-analysis and problem-solving skills without imposing the overhead of traditional programming notations and tools. Hence learning to program is important because it develops analytical and problem solving abilities. It is a creative activity and provides us a mean to express abstract ideas. Thus programming is fun and is much more than a vocational skill. By designing programs, we learn many skills that are important for all professions. These skills can be summarized as Critical readingAnalytical thinking Creative synthesisWhat skills are neededProgramming is an important activity as people life and musical accompaniment depends on the programs one make. Hence while programming one should Paying attention to detail Think about the reusability. Think about user larboard Understand the fact the computers are stupid Comment the code liberallyPaying attention to detailIn programming, the details matter. This is a very important skill. A good programmer always analyzes the problem statement very carefully and in detail. You should pay attention to all the aspects of the problem. You money box be vague. You cant describe your program 3/4th of the way, then say, You know what I mean?, and have the compiler figure out the rest. Furthermore you should pay attention to the calculations involved in the program, its flow, and most importantly, the logic of the program. Sometimes, a grammatically correct sentence does not make any sense. For example, here is a verse from poem Through the Looking Glass written by Lewis Carol Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe The grammar is correct but there is no meaning. Similarly, the sentence, Mr. ABC sleeps thirty hours every day, is grammatically correct but it is illogical. So it may move on that a program is grammatically correct. It compiles and runs but produces incorrec t or absurd results and does not solve the problem. It is very important to pay attention to the logic of the program.Think about the reusabilityWhen ever you are writing a program, always keep in mind that it could be reused at some other time. Also, try to write in a way that it can be used to solve some other related problem. A classic example of this is Suppose we have to calculate the knowledge base of a given circle. We know the area of a circle is (Pi * r2). nowadays we have written a program which calculates the area of a circle with given radius. At some later time we are given a problem to find out the area of a ring. The area of the ring can be calculated by subtracting the area of outer circle from the area of the inner circle. Hence we can use the program that calculates the area of a circle to calculate the area of the ring.Think about Good user port wineAs programmers, we assume that computer users know a lot of things, this is a big mistake. So never assume that t he user of your program is computer literate. ceaselessly provide an easy to understand and easy to use interface that is self explanatory.Understand the fact that computers are stupidComputers are incredibly stupid. They do just what you tell them to do no more, no less unlike human beings. Computers cant think by themselves. In this sense, they differ from human beings. For example, if someone asks you, What is the time?, Time please? or just, Time? you understand anyway that he is asking the time but computer is different. Instructions to the computer should be explicitly stated. Computer will tell you the time only if you ask it in the way you have programmed it. When youre programming, it helps to be able to think as stupidly as the computer does, so that you are in the right frame of mind for specifying everything in minute detail, and not assuming that the right thing will happen by itself.Comment the code liberallyAlways comment the code liberally. The comment statements do not affect the performance of the program as these are ignored by the compiler and do not take any memory in the computer. Comments are used to explain the functioning of the programs. It helps the other programmers as well as the creator of the program to understand the code.Program design recipeIn order to design a program effectively and decent we must have a recipe to follow. In the book name How to design programs by Matthias Felleisen.and the co-worker, the idea of design recipe has been stated very elegenlty asLearning to design programs is like learning to play soccer. A player must learn to trap a ball, to dribble with a ball, to pass, and to shoot a ball. Once the player knows those basic skills, the next goals are to learn to play a position, to play certain strategies, to choose among feasible strategies, and, on occasion, to create variations of a strategy because none fits.

Growth Strategies Of Kelloggs, India

Growth Strategies Of Kelloggs, IndiaThis report aims at discussing and evaluating the growth strategies adopted by Kelloggs in India. Kelloggs is a universal brand operating in about 160 countries having its manufacturing plant in more than than 16 countries to produce breakfast cereals, snack and other confectionary. Kelloggs mark its presence in the Indian market in 1994 to increase its business as it saw great electromotive force growth owing to Indias large race and growth in economy. This report will analyse the main challenges that the company is facing now in India. Further the report aims at recommending and justifying the actions that Kelloggs should take in India to maintain their market leadership.The stand for day multi-national food empire of cereals was accidentally discovered by William Kellogg in Michigan, USA in 1870s. On February 19, 1906, W. K. Kelloggs officially filed the text file and incorporated the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flakes Company which later c ame to be known as Kelloggs.Kelloggs India has gone a remarkable growth from 1994 to the present day. To analyse the growth scheme of Kelloggs, various strategical theories can be used like Ansoff Growth theory, the 4ps of marketing, Product development process, etc.In the initial stage Kelloggs entered the Indian market in the year 1994 with three varieties of cornflakes.Then Kelloggs improved its growth strategy by changing the packaging and point of intersection to be more attractive to the targeted consumers. The company chased through the process of product development and diversification. To understand it we founder to follow the Ansoffs Matrix.By adding ethnic flavours like coco and mango, Kelloggs embarked on the process of the product development. Product development is a necessary growth strategy and can be compared with the strategy of market penetration. Kelloggs strategy becomes more effective due to the fact that the composition not only embarked on product develop ment with just a particular aim in point in fact Kelloggs early entry in the Indian market draws more attention towards the customers needs.Diversification is universe demonstrated by Kelloggs when it introduced its products like Sunrich and Cheez-it which were do focussing more on the impulse food rather than the breakfast cereals. The process of diversification processs an organisation to represent its brand name more widely and to decrease the risk of focussing heavily on individual market. Regardless of various attempts and strategies the products of Kelloggs were not successful.The Marketing Mix and the 4Ps of Marketing-Neil Borden brought up the invention of the concept of the 4ps in 1964 (Adcock et al 2001) which include Product, Price, Place and promotion. These are broadly being used by the contrasting companies to take strategic marketing decisions to develop product to satisfy customers requirements, the right price, taking the product to the right place and then p romote it.1 Product- Products means the actual product or process that the company offers to its consumers. According to (Levitt, 1969). People do not buy products, they buy the expectation of benefits. It is the benefits that are the product. Kelloggs paid much focus on the products as it ceaselessly changed its product. It introduced flavour like coconut and mango in its cereal products for the Indian bask. The company changed the packaging to attract the target customers. Even some of the products were given the Indian names.2 Price- Price provide revenue. Kelloggs has always faced problems for Price in India as Indian masses couldnt afford its products. In 1994, when Kelloggs entered India the average embody of its product was INR 21 per 100gm compared to Mohans INR 16.50 per 100gm (Vasudha, 2009). Rather than whirl customers small packages of its products, Kelloggs didnt do much in reducing its price.Place- Place implies distribution through various spiritualist like super markets, offices, grocery shops etc. Kelloggs has over 200 distributors in India which has made its distribution quite efficient. While operating in India, it used to launch a new product every month to target the Indian customers.Promotion- This strategy is used by the companies to let people know what they are offering to them with an intention to make them buy and use their products. It involves commercial ads, sales promotion etc. Kelloggs used a flowerpot of promotion techniques to promote its products like sponsoring give instruction programmes, associating itself with JWT ad agency, movies like Spiderman 2 etc. to boost its brand and sales of its products.To understand the various Challenges, various opportunities and threats that Kelloggs now face in India can be done by examining the external environment of Kelloggs. To understand it the PESTEL Analysis, SWOT Analysis and the PORTERS 5 GENERIC FORCES induce been analysed.PESTEL ANALYSIS-Political The political challenge s and threats Kelloggs is facing results from the move ethnic conflicts in the disturbed areas of India like Kashmir and the other regions of it. According to the latest report of IFC and the World Bank, India is being ranked I34 in the list of Ease of Doing art 2011. Further Indian Governments policy under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (1973), which requires foreign investing companies to dilute their equity holdings to 40% act as a political challenge to it.Economic According to the CIA Factbook 2001, about 1/4th of Indian population lies below poverty line. Kelloggs products are quite amply priced. No doubt the Indian economy is booming as one of the largest economies of the world, still people feel price reluctant to buy Kelloggs product. Further being a huge country, there is a huge difference in the spending power of the people.Social Difficulty in understanding the mindset of different geographical segment of customers i.e. Indian customers, e.g. Indians misunderstood how to eat cereals with cold milk. Instead, they used to take it with hot milk and thus make it soggy.People prefer the traditional Indian breakfast dishes. But still people are changing their traditional way to more global cultural traits owing to the factors like wellness benefits, Getting in Shape predominantly among women, increment in the awareness of convenient foods and growing concern for the deficiency of vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients especially among the kids.Technological- The change magnitude use of the internet provides a useful medium for communication. Consumers remain up to date of the global trends.Environmental- India is a vast country which requires a general and well set up distribution infrastructure.SWOT Analysis- .Strength- Kelloggs is a leading brand with international quality standards. Kelloggs strength includes its advertising campaigns. It is the first of all manufacturer with the highest experience of ready to eat breakfast cereals which gives it a competitive advantage over the new companies. Kelloggs has a great distribution channel that help its products to reach the target consumers. It has a wide range of innovative, nutritional and convenience products that helps it to suit a range of customer taste and preferences.WEAKNESS- Kelloggs failed to analyse the taste of customers culturally and biologically. E.g. Northern Indians used to eat Paranthas and South Indians used to eat Idli/Dosa. A complete and thorough Indian market research was needed in the lead introducing Kelloggs in India. Its high prices act as a weakness as most of the Indian masses find it difficult to afford it. It did not gain in repositioning itself as a convenience food company. E.g. its product Cheez-It was far away from breakfast and was an impulse food, therefore a different strategy was required for it. The fluctuating oil prices, non availability of good power supply hinders Kelloggs to lower its prices.Porters 5 ForcesThreat of New Entrants- Multinationals like Heinz, Nestle etc. have entered in Indian market owing to its potential growth. So threat of entry is high.Threat of Substitute product- Threat is medium owing to local breakfast meals.Rivalry- Threat is low as there as just a few competitors for Kelloggs.Suppliers bargaining power- Low threat as suppliers have more opportunity to bargain in terms new organisation entering the market.Buyers bargaining power- High threat as buyers have an open option to buy from other organisation like Heinz etc.Recommendations and Justifications-On the bases of above report following recommendations can be given to the organisation-Kelloggs should spotlight more on the market research and monitoring before launching any product or conducting any other activity. This is quite consequential as India is a huge market place with diversity in terms of costumers spending power. Kelloggs should increase its communication channels so as to court the huge population of India. Further one of the main challenges for Kelloggs is to find product to suit well to the Indian taste. It should find products that could appeal well to the Indian masses. Kelloggs should cooperate with other small local companies of India which can lead to saving its costs and adding constancy to its productions. As India is one of the booming economies of the world with a vast potential of growth, so Kelloggs moving to Indian market is fully justified. Its entrance in the Indian market was not quite easy as it had to suffer huge loss due to unacceptance of its products by the Indian masses. Kelloggs used a lot of innovative strategies to remain in the Indian market. There are a lot of challenges which Kellogs has to face in India like fluctuating oil prices, repositioning its brand correctly, conducting good market analysis and monitoring the Indian culture, taste and price small market.

Strategic Company Overview of Wimm-Bill-Dann

Strategic Company Overview of Wimm-Bill-DannThe objectives of a business argon to achieve growth, become profitable and to satisfy the customers needs. Many businesses progress to not optim e genuinely(prenominal)y achieved this but Wimm-Bill-Dann has utilized their strategies in achieving a significant growth and this has been through mergers and sciences.Company overviewWimm-Bill-Dann is a Russian fellowship that deals with dairy products, nectars, ingathering juices and baby food. It is a grocery store leader across the Russian territory with its bestsellers, J-7 juice and agusha baby food. Its market extends from Russia, former soviet republics and 10 other countries every(prenominal) with more than 280 one one million million million million consumers. Wimm-Bill-Dann has 37 constitutes in Russia, Ukraine, gallium and central Asia. The friendship mission is ensuring that families live a healthy life by enjoying the caller-ups nutritious products individually day thr oughout their entire lifespan.The company has several committees whose aim is to tick that the companys objectives be achieved. These committees include audit committee, investment and strategic planning committee and personnel department and compensation committee.The audit committees goals and objectives are to assist the board of directors in carrying their responsibility in matters concerning preparation of fiscal statements, ensuring that there is an effective inbred control, ensuring liaising and working with internal auditors and keeping with the requirements of legislative and normative acts. The audit committee may meet once per quarter monetary year.The investment and strategic planning committee assists the directors in approving and carrying out its responsibility concerning mergers and achievements, strategic planning and investment programs. The committee meets not less than once in each quarter of a fiscal year.The personnel and compensation committee assist in the selection of the board of directors and help in the formulation and implementing of uniform personnel policy in all of its branches, personnel appraisal, training policy, dismissal of employees, honorarium and compensation policy and corporate ethics.The company is committed to the principles of transparency and corporate governance that is excellent. The corporate governance metier include advanced level of shareholder arrangement transparency, commitment to the practice of heavy corporate governance and the statement of the corporate governance code, being contribute to the investors where high level of financial and operational transparency is maintained and the presence of an effective and in force(p) oversight mechanism for the internal and external audit process. monetary strategiesThe company has solid financial strategies which ensure that it maintains financial stability and growth as depicted by its results. unrivaled of the company strategies in raising pay to fund its ambitious objective of acquisitions is the placing of bonds. The recent placing of bonds by the company was on 15th march 2008 with Moscow inter-bank currency exchange and this attracted a large issue of investors. This attraction of many investors shows the great trust investors own with the company.The company financial results show that it has been on the growth phase. The results are analysed quarterly from 3 months of 2007 to 3 months of 2008.This is shown in the table below.3 Months of 20076months of 20079 months of 2007Financial year 20073 months of 2008Gross sales rosaceousate 40.1% year-on-year to US$542.8 millionrose 40.5% year-on-year to US$1,142.8 millionrose 40.4% year-on-year to US$1,758.3 million38.4% growth to US$2,438.3 millionrose 34.8% year-on-year to US$731.9 millionGross profitincrease 53.3% with gross margins increasing to 32.0% from 29.3%increased 48.8% to US$377.8 millionincreased 43.4% to US$578.4 millionincreased 26.2% to US$219.5 millionincre ased 26.2% to US$219.5 millionOperating incomeincome increased 73.1% to US$51.4 millionrose 44.3% to US$108.4 millionrose 30.2% to US$168.3 millionrose 24.5% to US$214.0 millionincreased 23.2% to US$63.4 millionnet incomeincreased 84.8% to US$32.1 millionincreased 40.8% to US$65.8 millionrose 30.2% to US$168.3 millionincreased 29.0% to US$140.0 millionEBTDAincreased 58.8% to US$70.4 million, EBITDA margin1 increased to 13.0% from 11.4%increased 40.3% to US$147.2 millionincreased 30.9% to US$229.4 millionincreased 29.0% to US$90.7 millionincreased 29.0% to US$90.7 millionEarning per Sharegrew to US$2.40 from US$1.50grew to US$3.18 from US$2.17increased 30.6% to US$41.9 millionThe company profit has been growing at a high rate and this shows that there is an increase in sales of the products of the company and therefrom the business has managed to achieve one of the objectives of becoming profitable. We also see that earning per share is on the increase and this proves that the capit al base of the company is on an increasing vogue and so the investors are reaping from their investment.Diversification and acquisition strategy of Wimm-Bill-DannDiversification of products involves manufacture and the sale of different line of products. This is important in reducing risks in an boldness as risks depart be spread within different portfolios. In effectuate to expand and get hold of its market, Wimm-Bill-Dann has effectively used the merger and acquisition strategy to expand its business. The company has different range of products from milk products, bottled water and different kind of juice which let its customers with a wide choice of products to purchase.One of the greatest acquisitions by Wimm-Bill-Dann is the acquisition of 95% stake in Depsona ZAO which is a leading Tula found juice and concentrates plant worth 34 million the States dollars. After this acquisition, Wimm-Bill-Dann placed itself strategically as a major fruit juice and concentrate producer in central Russia.The acquisition has given Wimm-Bill-Dann a chance to access locally grown raw temporal hence minimizing production cost. Depsona products were under three brands which are Depsona, Fructopak and limbo. The factory is use to produce Wimm-Bill-Dann brands guinea pig brands and act as a distribution hub for them.On September 2006, Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods announced 100% acquisition of charter capital of Surgut city Dairy plant of Russia which was the largest milk processing plant in the region. The acquisition has enabled Wimm-Bill-Damm to be a leading company and to expand its market of Ural and Siberia. This acquisition has enabled the company to wince the expenditure on logistics since there is get overd need for transporting products within different regions. Wimm-Bill-Dann now produces under its own brand at Surgut dairy.On September 2003, Will-Bill-Dann food announced the acquisition of an additional 47.7% of the equity capital of Ufamolagroprom hence increasing its total shareholding to 97%. Ufamolagroprom is the largest plant for the processing and production of dairy products in the republic of Bashkortostan. Originally the plant had a capacity of production of 240 tons of processed milk but now it has a capacity of 600 tons. The plant produce is sold under well-known(a) Russian brands such as happy milk man, doctor Bifi and wonder. The brands distinct and attractive packaging gives it an upper hand in the market.In October 2007, Wimm-Bill-Dann acquired Georgian foods ltd which is based in Tbilisi, Georgia. This is in the companys strategy of growing its business by purchase of high performing companies with strong brand portfolio and having a large market size. Georgia food is one of the largest dairy producers in Georgia. This will enable the company to serve local demand of Georgia and supply the products to the adjacent market of Armenia and Azerbaijan.In September 2003, Wimm-Bill-Dann acquired Essentuki water production and bottl ing facilities. The company acquired OOOHealing spring which produces Essentuki brand mineral water and OOOGeyser, owner of Essentuki water wells. The transaction was worth 4 million US dollars. This resulted in the manufacturing facility of Wimm-Bill-Dann to be 24. by dint of this acquisition, the company has been able to provide its customer with highest quality goods as per its strategy in ensuring that the customer needs are satisfied.In 2006, Wimm-Bill-Dann announced the acquisition of Molka Company in Russias Irkutsk region, one of the largest companies that processes milk in eastern Siberia. The purchase of Molka allows Wimm-Bill-Dann to expand into the Siberian market. The companys presence in Irkutsk allows the company to reduce the expenditure incurred during the transportation of the products.Risk counselling strategyThe company has several risks which it faces whilst in operation. Currency risk is one of the risks that the company faces as closely of its sales are in Rubles, while bulk cost is in hard currency.Operational risks which occur when there is a disruption of raw material supply and increase in the price of raw milk.Competition risk is one of the biggest risk the company faces. The Russian economy is growing in ii digit figure and due to this it has attracted the attention of both domestic and international competitors. International companies have offered the greatest challenge to the company because of their strong financial strength, they have well experienced, motivated and well learned human resource pool, strong management randomness system which include very modern management information system which is brag than those found in Wimm-Bill-Dann and marketing capability from these company that have a knowledge domainwide presence such as Coca-Cola company. There are several international companies which compete with WIMM-Bill-Dann, the top companies being Coca-Cola Company, Nestle and Danone.Coca cola is the largest soft drunk enness company in the world. It owns four of the five world top brands which include Fanta, Coca-Cola, Sprite and Diet Coke. The company has worldwide recognition due to its high quality and uniformity in taste. It also has a very strong financial base and so it can easily expand to any territory in the world.Due to this, it has provided the greatest competition to soft drink segment of Wimm-Bill-Dann as most of the people have trust in its products. The company also has many franchise and high powered advertisements which are superior to wimm-bill-dann and hence offer a great competition.Nestle is the world largest food company in term of production and sales. It is also one of the largest bottled water makers, equipment for surgical operation and cosmetics. This company has a worldwide presence and its brands are highly respected around the world. The company has a strong financial background, good marketing strategies which provide it with a great opportunity to penetrate any ma rket. This company has provided Wimm-Bill-Dann Company with big competition especially in the food manufacturing segment as it has penetrated Russian marketDanone is one of the largest dairy food and water producers in the world. It is a world largest company producing cultured dairy products. This is the largest competitor to Wimm-Bill-Dann in the production of milk products as it has penetrated the Russian market.Human resource strategyThe company has a well formulated human resources policy which ensures that the employees are highly motivated to ensure that they are productive. The company has formulated human resources strategy that is in line with those that directly deal with expanding through acquisition. The company has a policy which ensures that labour regulations are strictly followed and that all documents relating to labour law are maintained.The company ensures that the process of recruitment are fair and transparent in which there is no secretion against sex ,age ,r ace or any prejudice against anyone. The company has a policy in which it ensures that employees are well compensated for their work and that they are offered good remuneration which will motivate them to perform well since people are an important entity in any organization.Staffing according to human resources strategy follows demand and supply of labour. The company has made several high level appointments recently. For example in Moscow may 12 2008,the company announced the appointment of Dmitry Ivanov as the chief financial officers who has 17 years of experience in financial field.Business strategy of Wimm-Bill-DannThe company has excellently utilized its business strategy in ensuring that it leads in the market in equipment casualty of business .Before merging, water business was run separately with its own finance and marketing departments, workforce and distribution network. Merging enabled the company to reduce the cost involved in administration, selling and distribution expenses. This will allow the company to enjoy the economies of scale in terms of transportation and distributorship.Also to reduce the overall cost, the dairy business was restructured so that all the transactions are directed from a central point where there is the overall management. In order to increase the output of milk, the company built a mega farm complex near St Petersberg. The farm has more than 1200 milking cows.Information system strategyThe company has a modern information system strategy which ensures that work in the company is well organized and made easier. The company uses Oracle, a provider of enterprise software. This confinement covers all the key areas of the corporate activity which include marketing, finance, distribution, logistics and distribution at all of the companys enterprises in Russia. These processes assist in quick and effective management last and ensure that they are successfully completed. New ERP system assists in the finance department espe cially in accounting reporting in both Russian standards and international standards.Marketing strategyThe company has a well-developed market strategy which has enabled it to perform well in Russia. It has different brands and through this, it provides the consumer with a wide choice. Through vigorous advertisement, it has been able to capture the attention of many customers in Russia and other part of Russia. After acquisition of different companies, it has maintained the original brand call and packaging. This is important as it will maintain the old customer for the brands of the acquired company.Strategies that should be put to ensure that the company achieves further growthMarketing strategyAlthough the company has a solid marketing strategy but it has to put more effort in having access to the global market. It should put more effort in promotion of its products to other parts of the world that it has not accessed the market. It should explore potential market such as countr ies in Africa. The Company should take ideas from the strategies set by the Coca Cola Company. The company should also consider operating under franchise system in ensuring that its products are well distributed to the market.The company should increase the matter and variety of products and through this, the company will provide its customer with a choice of products to choose from. The company should ensure that its branding and packaging are of high standard and should change with customers change in taste and fashion. The company should consider using marketing tools such as swot analysis in ensuring that it maintains its control of Russian market and as a mean to survive in an environment that has unbendable competition.Information system strategyAlthough the company has an efficient management information system such as ERP accounting software, it should consider using more than one software when performing a given task. It should look for a way in which the systems are int egrated. This is to ensure that efficiency is maintained and the work done is accurate. This will also ensure that fraud activities are minimized.Merger and acquisition strategyThe company should maintain its strategy in merging and acquiring other companies. It should consider buying stakes in competing companies to reduce the effect of stiff competition from major multinational companies. For example it would be wise if they considered buying some stakes in the Coca Cola Company.Through this, it will borrow some ideas and skills concerning the businesses and hence improve on its performance. The company should acquire more companies in the markets in which it has not ventured. For example it should buy companies in African countries such as those in South Africa.Human resources strategyIt is people who make an organization to grow. To ensure that it has a rich pool of human resources, it should consider efficient training for workers to keep them updated on new skills so that the company can keep pace with other major multinational company in terms of human resources. The company should also increase the number of university fresh graduates who are undergoing management training. This is important in that it will gain new skills and different ideas from these graduates and this will assist the company in growth.ConclusionWill-Bill-Dann is a promising company with one of the best strategies. Its acquisition strategy has made the company to have good reputation and respect. Through its hardwork and well thought policies, the company is fast growing into one of the largest multinational companies. Through this, the company acts as a role role model for other companies to emulate it.

Skin to skin contact and breastfeeding rate

Skin to skin contact and breast nourishment rateFormulation and theoretical perspectives. Effect of the first cardinal hours subsequently birth skin-to-skin contact for full terminal infants on first breastfeeding experience and breastfeeding duration A randomised controlled visitationBackgroundIt is unquestioned that breastfeeding is the most significant form of providing nutrition for infants. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first sextup permit month of life, with continued breastfeeding for up to devil years or enormo giver is highly recommended by World Health establishment (World Health Organization, 2000). In addition, The American Academy of pediatrics (1997) stats Exclusive breastfeeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for the first six months after birthIt is recommended that breastfeeding continue for at least twelve months, and thereafter for as long as mutu every(prenominal)y desired. According to The America n Academy of Paediatrics (1997) described the benefits of breastfeeding including improved general health, growth, and development of the breastfed infant decreased incidence and severity of diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, ear infections, bacterial meningitis, botulism, and urinary tract infections vindication from sudden infant death syndrome, childhood cancer, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis, allergies, and opposite chronic digestive diseases and enhanced cognitive development.To comp ar with other Europe countries, breastfeeding judge in the UK are low (UNICEF, 1999). In 2005, 45% of all returns in the United Kingdom were breastfeeding exclusively at one week, while 21% were feeding exclusively at six weeks. At six months the proportion of brings who were breastfeeding exclusively was negligible (The Baby Friendly Initiative was introduced in the UK in 1992 by the WHO and UNICEF. The sub role of the programme is to encourage hospitals to increase protection, promotion and support breastfeeding and implement the Ten Steps to lucky Breastfeeding (UNICEF 1998). Step four recommends skin-to-skin contact (SSC) in the early postpartum period, which should last until the first feed or for as long as the mother wishes (UNICEF, 1998).The process of skin-to-skin contact was defined as the infant is naked in a prone position and skin-to-skin on the mothers bare abdomen or chest during the first minute postbirth. Apgar scores are assigned and suctioning is done if medically indicated. The infant must be gently dried and covered across the back with a prewarmed blanket. The initial physical assessment is performed while the infant is with the mother skin-to-skin. To prevent heat loss, the infants head must be covered with a dry cap, which is replaced when it becomes damp. Ideally, all other interventions are delayed until at least after the end of the first breastfeeding (Moore Anderson, 2007).The optimal date for newborn babies to develop pre-breastfeeding behaviour, such as rooting and sucking (Gomez, et al., 1998), skin-to-skin contact and provide first breastfeeding is the first two hours postbirth when they are more alert to the environment. In this stage, it may indicate a sensitive period for establish effective breastfeeding. Bornstein (1989) defines sensitive period as a developmental phase of built-in competence for the development of specific behaviour exchanges between the organism and the environment whose consequences presumably endure for the organism. After this sensitive period, the two hours postbirth, many newborn babies go into a drowsy stage which maybe difficult to aro social occasion for up to several hours (Britton, 1998).Purpose of the look intoPrevious studies rig that infants were eight times more likely to breastfeed spontaneously if they spent more than 50 minutes in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers immediately after birth, and conclude that the dos e of skin-to-skin contact might be a critical component regarding breastfeeding success (Gomez. et al., 1998). Despite numerous documents and randomized control trials have showed the imperious conflict of skin-to-skin contact on breastfeeding, mother-infant separation by physical assessment and routine assistance during the first hours postbirth forrader having the opportunity to start skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding is still vulgar practice in many healthcare settings.In light of the above, the aim of the study is to examine the effects of skin-to-skin contact for full-term newborn babies during the first two hours postbirth on first breastfeeding experience and exclusive breastfeeding rate in six months postbirth. Two hypotheses impart be tested (1) skin-to-skin contact during the first two hours postbirth has positive dissemble on first breastfeeding experience (2) skin-to-skin contact during the first two hours postbirth increases the likelihood of breastfeeding e stablishment (3) skin-to-skin contact during the first two hours postbirth increases some(prenominal) breastfeeding establishment and duration.2. Methods to be usedThe topic was skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding rate and the methodology selected was quantitative. This is because breastfeeding rate is to be measured precisely so as to allow comparisons between the various groups. And for congress representativeness and for generalisations made quantitative research a better choice.The study will be conducted by randomised controlled trial comparing the effects of SSC with routine care on first breastfeeding experience and breastfeeding duration.In the control group which receiving routine care, babies will quickly dried and wrapped in a towel ahead being handed to their mother or father. Mother-baby contact will be interrupted for physical assessment, given a vitamin K injection, weighing, dressing and measuring the baby, or for repairing the mothers perineum wound. After the routine care finish, the baby will be swaddled in prewarmed blankets and return to the mother. And the lag nurse will assist with breast feeding when both mother and baby are ready. In the skin-to-skin care group, the infants will be given to their mothers immediately after birth and will be placed nakedly in a prone position against the mothers skin between the breasts with a large pre-warmed blanket. After the cord cut, the infant will be moved to bright warmer for the homogeneous routine care as the control group then back to their mother again for about 2 hours. And when both mother and baby in skin-to-skin group are ready, the staff nurse in like manner will assist with breast feeding.2.1 Sampling principles and proceduresCriteria for including/excluding study participantsEligible participants included large(predicate) woman who are primiparas mothers, had no pre-existing medical complications and no biography of mental illness or illicit drug use, 18 years or older, exp ecting a vaginal spoken language, intended to breast feed, her healthy fetus need to greater than 37 weeks gestation. A woman will be ineligible if their babies leaden less than 2200gm, Sample size of itIn Shiaus study (1997), skin-to-skin contact dyads had better breastfeeding status than control dyads on day 28 (6.16 2.06 vs. 4.0 1.60, P= .004). This computes to an effect size of 1.17. And in Moores study (2007), the author used the data to compute power in her study for the samples were similar in their research. Moore(2007) indicated if the true effect size is 1.17, the probability of detecting significant differences between the two groups is 81% (i.e., 19% of the time significant differences would not be detected). at that placefore, 10 participants per group may be tolerable to detect statistically significant between-group differences in breastfeeding status and Moore also used minimization to control the influence of the variables, she explained that in small studies , simple randomization procedures arelikely to result in groups that are unbalanced with respect to potentially confounding variables.For the above reason, in this research, a sample of 10 participants per group will be appropriate but to avoid possible attrition during the time, 15 participants will be recruited.RecruitmentThe participants will be recruited through a hospital in Manchester with the religious service of clinical nurse and maternity consultants. Women who fulfill the inclusion criteria will be contacted by the clinical coordinator at 36-37 weeks gestation. The women will provided with oral exam account put upment about the trial, eligible participants will be recruitedand informed consent will be obtained. After birth, mothers and their newborn babies who still remained eligible will be randomized using minimization to either skin-to-skin group or control group.2.2 Data collection methodsMinimization is an assignment strategy, similar in intention to stratificati on that ensures elegant balance between intervention groups for specified note factors. The next participant is assigned to whichever group would minimize the imbalance between groups on specified prognostic factors. Minimization is an acceptable alternative to random assignment (CONSORT, 2007). The minimization program will be applied to control the following variables baby gender, birth weight, and gestational age, maternal age, education, marital status, race, smoking history, breastfeeding intention and maternal battle (no, part-time, or full-time employment).When participants admit to the hospital in active labour, the clinical co-ordinator will be contacted for information gathering. And when all the information obtained, the computerized minimization programme will assign randomly either to skin-to-skin group or control group. Demographic, labour and delivery history data (past and current pregnancies) from the records will be collected by the clinical co-ordinator. Post-d elivery data collection will be carried out through contact with the mothers forward they left hospital.Post-delivery care will be observed by the research assistant as well as assessment of first breastfeeding in the delivery room. The infants first breastfeeding will be score by the research assistant by using the IBFAT. The IBFAT measures 4 aspect of suckling competence (1) infant state of arousal or readiness to feed (2) rooting reflex (3) latch-on and (4) suckling pattern. Each item has a score of 0 to 3 for a utmost score of 12, indicating competent breastfeeding. Success of the first breastfeeding (score of 10 to 12) will be measured by this tool. The IBS, which assesses the degree of breastfeeding exclusivity The IBS is a single-item indicator consisting of three major levels of breastfeeding full, partial, and token. octet levels are ranked from 1 for exclusive to 8 for weaned. Full is divided into two subcategories exclusive (the infant consumes only breast milk and no other liquid or solid food score=1), and almost exclusive (the infant is given water, juice, vitamins, and minerals infrequently in addition to breast milk score= 2). The partial category, which before had two subcategories, was subdivided into four subcategories for greater accuracy high-partial ( 80% of the infants diet is breast milk score= 3) medium-high (50% 80% breast milkscore = 4) medium-low (20% Follow-up assessment will be let place when infants reached 1, 3, and 6 months corrected age. The research assistant will contact to the mother in advance then arrange the visit.3. Data analysis there will be six stages in data analysis. Stage 1 data preparation. Checking, editing and coding. Stage 2 data entry. Entering the data in the computer. Stage 3 Graphic presentation. Presenting the findings in the form of graphs or tables. Stage 4 data processing and analysis. Conducting statistical analysis. Stage 5 interpretation of the findings. Explaining the message of data indivi dually. Stage 6 six- Conclusion. Proposing direct answers to the research question (Saratakos, 2005, p.364).A t-test is an interval/ration test of significance which has the purpose of ascertaining whether or not the findings of a sample-based study are significant, that is also valid for the target population. It checks the degree if generalisability of the findings of the study. the t-test serves the same purpose as chi-square tests, except that it is suitable for interval/ration variables (Saratakos, 2005, p.388)Analysis in this research will follow the intent to treat principle. SPSS computer software (version 15) will be used for data analysis. Differences between groups in demographic and other variables will be determined by using descriptive statistics, t-tests for interval level data, and 2 analysis (Fishers exact test) for nominal data e.g. 1.baby gender, 2.birth weight, 3.gestational age, 4.maternal age, 5.education, 6.marital status, 7.race, 8.smoking history, 9.breastfe eding intention and 10.maternal employment (no, part-time, or full-time employment).4. Probable outputsIf the result shows that skin-to-skin contact for full-term newborn babies during the first two hours postbirth has significant effect on first breastfeeding experience and also enhance the exclusive breastfeeding rate in six months postbirth.The result will not only provide support in the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding principle , especially in Step four recommends skin-to-skin contact in the early postnatal period, which should last until the first feed or for as long as the mother wishes but also increase its credibility in enhance breastfeeding establishment.Early skin-to-skin contact can have a positive impact on newborn infants health by establish first breastfeeding well but also increase the mothers satisfaction as well as the adhere and interaction between mothers and newborn babies.The skin-to-skin used to exercise as an intervention for premature babies, with the result, we can apply to generalisation. The intervention can not only use for premature babies but also works in healthy, full term babies. When apply the result into clinical practice, the newborn infant routine care in delivery will changed significantly. Firstly, in many healthcare setting, when delivery comes, the first priority is to dry the baby and keep the airway open and do a range of physical assessment and newborn routine care. Due the complicated tasks, mothers and newborn infants usually have to separate more than one hour which knock off the most precious time for bonding between mothers and newborn infants. To implement the intervention, the old practice has to be changed. For clinical practitioners might need some time cope due to the various tasks and duties.If the skin-to-skin contact intervention performs well in clinical practice, maybe researchers can put more effort in this area. For example, let the father or significant other practice the skin-to-skin conta ct with newborn infants and examine the effect might be operate as good as mothers.5. Scheduling of the studyMonthTaskJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecLITERATURE REVIEW draw data sources, archives and specialist library collections.Identify potential case studies.Review theory and methodology, policy and clinical practice.Develop research questionComplete research intentionDevelop research methodologySampling and recruitmentData CollectionResults, Data analysis and evaluationResearch project completed6. Detailed exculpation of costsDescriptionItem/ per yearcommentPersonnel1. research assistant2. clinical coordinator9/ per hour9*2*20*207200800020hours/per person/weekAbout 20 weeksHard/softwarecomputer*1,laptop*1camera*1,MP3 recorder890990Ccomputer-400Laptop-350-camera-100-MP3 recorder-40administrative Expenses200250Travel, communication,Attend conference, seminar, meeting5001000AccommodationConsumablesStationery100150Fees and Service Charges100150Budget110008990105407. Ethical i ssues in that location are some ethical issues we may meet when we do the research. Firstly, start with informed consent, in a research, participants should be fully informed as some(prenominal) information as possible that the participants can decide whether they want to join or not. Therefore , before we establish the research, all the participants will received oral and written information about the nature and purpose of the research study and its potential implications for them. After participants fully understood, inform consent will be obtained before we start the research. And participants also accept that they can stop or withdraw the research at any time they want. Secondly, the issue of the invasion of privacy, in the research project, Confidentiality and anonymous will be guaranteed. Any identification, documents will be separate from the tape recording and transcription. Data also will be stored in a locked and secure container, only the researcher can assess the key.La st but not least, before any act, we have to obtain the approval from Research ethical motive Committee. By doing so, everyones right is protected.8. Reflection on your studyEarly skin-to-skin contact may not effect on first breastfeeding experience and breastfeeding duration, the reasons are vary. There are many factors influence breastfeeding negatively. For example, for working mother, maybe they experienced a very wonder first breastfeeding while having skin-to-skin contact with her baby when they in the hospital with healthcare providers support and breastfeeding education. However, when the mother and her newborn infant go home, a range of unexpected things happened to them, without healthcare providers help, short maternity leave and stressful work, all these reasons are affecting the decision of breastfeeding establishment and duration. Furthermore, if the intervention of skin-to-skin contact will implement in clinical practice, it will change the long established routine an d roles which is difficult when face experience clinical practitioner whom dont like to change.The following questions are from the Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP, 2003). These 10 questions can help us think about these issues systematically.1. Did the study ask a clearly-focused question?In this research, the population, intervention and outcome are clearly stated.2 .Was this a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and was it appropriately so?In this research, I want to examine the effect of skin-to-skin contact for full-term newborn babies during the first two hours postbirth on first breastfeeding. To evaluate the effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact, I have to chose randomised controlled trial to test. In Glaszious paper (2001), he stated that to study the effects of interventions, it is necessary to compare a group of patients who have received the intervention (study group) with a comparable group who have not received the intervention (control group). A randomized cont rolled trial, which is a trial in which subjects are randomly allocated to the study or control groups, is usually the ideal design.3. Were participants appropriately allocated to intervention and control groups?In the study, I will use computerized minimization to allocate participants, so I assume the participants will be allocated appropriately.4. Were participants, staff and study personnel blind to participants study group?In this study, participants, staff and study personnel, they wont blind to participants study group, which could make observer bias and possibly a weakness in this study.5. Were all of the participants who entered the trial accounted for at its final result?In the study, I assume all the participants who entered the trial accounted for at its conclusion for avoiding attrition bias.6. Were the participants in all groups followed up and data collected in the same way?In the study, we have one research assistant dose the post-delivery care observation and asses sment of first breastfeeding in the delivery room. And the other clinical co-ordinator responsible for documentation, so I presume the data will collected in the same way.7. Did the study have enough participants to minimize the play of go on?According to previous studies effect size, in this study, we only recruit 15 participants8. How are the results presented and what is the main result?9 .How precise are these results?10. Were all measurable outcomes considered so the results can be applied?for question 8-10, it can not answered for the study is not carry out yet.

Music Origin :: Art

Music OriginIntroductionFor centuries people had dreamed of capturing the sounds and music from the environment. Many had assay it but no one had succeeded until Thomas Alva Edison discovered a method of registering and playing back sound. What had started out as an apparatus intended as part of an improved telephone led to the development of an instrument which would change the world, making it a happier, even a better, place to live. Revolutions(Case of Mp3 sharing software development)A revolution in the music industry has surfaced In 1999, Shawn Fanning, a Northeastern University undergraduate, wrote a small MP3-sharing software application known as Napster. Originally designed for the exchange of Fanning and friends own recordings, Napster quickly became a conduit for mainstream MP3s, and an MP3-sharing community was built overnight as the beta version of the shareware program quickly caught on. New songs could be be and downloaded at the touch of a button. Entire albums coul d be exchanged in minutes for free. In addition, the natal Sagittarian Sun (self) in the companys graph sextiles Mars (action) conjunct Neptune (illusion, lack of boundaries), producing the ability to do it all anywhere with complete anonymity.The Recording Industry Association of America contends that the service Napster provides is just a high-tech shortcut to music piracy. But in recent friends of the court briefs, the Computer and Communications Industry Association, which represents tech giants like AT&T, Yahoo and Oracle, utter the courts need to reinterpret and revise some of the overprotective models for guarding intellectual property.Online personal line of credit contributed much to the music industry as similar to the other traditional companies. It helped the business to grow globally and to reach out the customers all over the world. Easy access, news details, shipping to home, attractive prices, lots of choices made the music industry to bellowing in the early 1990s .Music Vs InternetThe recorded music industry has capitulated. After years of effort and millions of dollars spent on lawyers in prosecuting music pirates, the uncollectible four record companies have joined the internet age.Legal, pay-per-track music sites are about to proliferate. Australia should have its first by Christmas. It is likely it will be a local version of the successful Apple iMusic Store, which operates only in North America. Locally, Telstra is working on a licensing deal with at least one record company.The future of music sites depends on forging complex regional licensing deals between the record companies, musicians and online vendors such as Apple, Real Networks Rhapsody, Roxio (owners of Press Play and about-to-be legal Napster) and Microsofts MSN.

Africa Essay -- essays research papers

Africas Resistance to the PortugueseThe African history has been affect tremendously due to the influence of some European countries. Portugal, who probably had the greatest impact on the continent, was not shy in invading what they thought to be profitable circumstances. One of these areas that they profited from was the kingdom of Kongo. Kongo was a major Bantu-speaking kingdom astride the Congo River in west-central Africa, probably founded in the 14th century. It was governed by a king, the manikongo, whose economic power was based upon trade in ivory, hides, slaves, and a shell currency of western Africa. Within a few years by and by the Portuguese first encountered the kingdom in 1484, the sixth manikongo, Nzinga Mbemba, later Alfonso 1, converted to Christianity and extended di...