As We Advanced From The 20Th Century To The 21St Century

As we advanced from the 20th century to the 21st century many of our ideas, outlooks, and information we knew about the world changed and progressed greatly. This is also true for how we as a civilization viewed management, progressed and continued to progress in bettering our management practices. This book analyzes old and new assumptions of management practices along with the reality that comes with the new strategies. The author also describes that as we go through these changes a leader that knows how to work with change is important to have to get passed the many information challenges. Drucker then describes that as the organizations change it is important that individuals within the organization also change to help reach maximum†¦show more content†¦Since the discipline behind management is always changing so are the assumptions that come with it. Drucker First lists 7 old assumptions of management, which are: 1. Management Is Business Management 2. There is – or there must be- one right organization structure. 3. There is – or there must be- one right way to manage people. 4. Technologies, markets and end-users are given 5. Management’s scope is legally defined. 6. Management is internally focused. 7. The economy as defined by national boundaries is the ecology of enterprise and management. Ducker goes on to explain that the first three assumptions are related to the discipline of management while the last 4 are related to the practice of management itself. He also points out that these assumptions might have been helpful back then but are actually hurting us now. They are now so far removed from actual reality that they are becoming obstacles to the Theory and even more serious obstacles to the Practice of Management. Indeed, reality is fast becoming the very opposite of what these assumptions claim it to be (Drucker). Drucker then goes on to explain his 8 new management assumptions related to the discipline of management, which are: 1. Management is not only for profit-making businesses. 2. There is not only one right organization. 3. There is not one right way to manage people. 4. Technologies and End-UsersShow MoreRelatedDeaf : Deaf And Deaf886 Words   |  4 Pagesthat studies deaf individuals and their unique communities and culture and may include constructs from anthropology, linguistics, bilingual education, disability, audiology, etc. Within the context of Deaf Studies, deaf individuals are no longer defined solely by their lack of hearing, but by their cultural, linguistic, and sensorial ways of being in the world (Bauman Murray, 2010). That is why we hear people educated with Deaf Studies saying ASL kids to refer to deaf kids who use American SignRead MoreClassism in North America1216 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Classism in North America    Classism is a big dilemma in several parts of the world such as North America. The word  Classism  was derived from  Class  and  -ism; the word  Class  descended from a French word, Classe, and a Latin word Classis. The word was originally created by Servius Tullius in one of the six orders into which he used to divide the Roman people for the purpose of taxation. Those words together make the word Classism which means a biased or discriminatory attitude based on distinctionsRead MoreRevolutionary Movements Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pages Revolutionary Movements With the 20th century, many new revolutionary movements have come into the focus of world politics. Of these, fascism is one of the most difficult to put into a proper context. Many scholars through the years have tried to place fascism and answer the seemingly simple question of What is Fascism? It can be described in several versions depending on the scholar. The most familiar version is the right/left idea, while the democratic/non-democraticRead MoreHistorical Development of Police Agencies Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagestechnologies began another change with better response times and communications. The 20th century brought even more technologies which continue to aid law enforcement today. This era also brought to the attention of agencies that there was a lack of cooperation between police and communities and community policing with more of a service attitude began to emerge. In the 21st century we are faced with the challenges of terrorist and we call on the local state and federal agencies to work together to counterRead MoreU.S. Automobile Manufacturing in the Twenty-First Century1540 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered luxuries, and 10,000 Model T automobiles were sold that year (History.com, 2013). In the 21st Century, automobiles are no longer luxuries but necessities. In addition, due to the technological, economical, and social changes, the automobile industries a s well of organizational practices have changed since the 20th century (Greer, 2001). Several developments such as global competition, advanced technology, and reengineering are more likely to affect human resource managers in the automobileRead MoreHistorical And Legal Issues Of Developmental Disabilities By James R. Thompson905 Words   |  4 Pagesabout how people perceived people with intellectual and developmental disabilities over the past few centuries. Intellectual and developmental disabilities have been around for a while and many people have been scrutinized for having disabilities. Early on people with disabilities were treated unfairly or mistreated by other community members. It was not until the late 19th, 20th, and 21st century where people started to help people with disabilities to attempt making a difference. There were manyRead MoreThe History of Nursing Science1076 Words   |  4 Pagesexpressed themselves in a multitude of ways throughout human history, from mothers tending to their sick children to soldiers caring for their wounded brothers on the battlefield. But nursing science, the body of knowledge that has both arisen from and informed the nursing profession as we now know it, has a distinct history that can be traced through key periods of development and revolution. By examining this rich history, we can see not only how dynamic and complex nursing science is, but alsoRead MoreINTRODUCTION Since the start of the industrial age, people have made revolutionary changes in1100 Words   |  5 Pagesbe a sustainable solution in the 21st century and to identify and describe the important and unique features of homes made out of earth. I. PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT BUILDING MATERIALS The main conventional building materials, which are concrete and steel, have some major problems. First of all, their price is not only high, but it is becoming higher and higher (see figure 1). Moreover, concrete is an unsustainable building material to build with in the 21st century, given the large amount of CO2 emissionsRead MoreIndustrialization During The Industrial Revolution1577 Words   |  7 Pagesand the world in which we live – since the Industrial Revolution began in Britain (from 1760 until sometime between 1820 and 1840). The improvement of business acquisitions and evolution of trade were essential to the Industrial Revolution. Most of the British population lived in the countryside, in small villages, and interacted closely within their family unit and work. Industrialization, however, drastically altered the small family unit, when work was transitioned from hand production methodsRead MoreA Study of Charles Van Dorens A History of Knowledge733 Words   |   3 Pagessome crops in order to live; also, clerics were happy with the crops given to the Church; consequently, there was little knowledge or need for money and earning just what a person needed was the acceptable way of life. In contrast, the new, 19th Century concept of economy involved the retail trade of everything, including human labor, and profiting by earning money was an important part of this new economic system. Based largely on the ideas of Adam Smith and his book, Wealth and nation, the idea

Prejudice Essay Cathedral - 1308 Words

Samantha Langert Professor Jereb English G110 18 September 2017 Prejudices in Cathedral Prejudice comes in all forms; whether it is due to someone s skin color, religion, or disability, fear of someone who is different than what you view as normal is apparent all around us. Miriam Webster defines Prejudice as â€Å"injury or damage resulting from some judgment or action of another in disregard to one’s rights†. Although most people tend to associate prejudice with racism, that is not always the case. In quite a few instances of everyday life, it is hate towards another person you consider to be inferior and not normal. Prejudice implies a closed point of view, one that is not open to differences and a prejudgment of a group of people you†¦show more content†¦The Narrator’s thoughts show us that he holds onto these prejudgements of blind people, believing they have both physical and mental incapabilities, and has not made a point to try and fix this perspective. The Narrator also feels he has an inherent superiority to Robert because of this , placing a self-centered twist onto everything. For all of the Narrators prejudice towards others, he is more than happy to not place any of his critical and judgemental focus on himself. It is shown in glimpses of the story how the Narrator dictates his world by only what he can actually see, placing a limitation on himself that Robert does not have. â€Å"It was beyond my understanding. Hearing this, I felt sorry for the blind man for a little bit. And then I found myself thinking what a pitiful life this woman must have led† (139). The Narrator lacks what can be perceived as a sight into both his own, and others, emotions. It is further on that we come to realize how much the Narrator relies on his vision, thinking that Robert’s wife, Beulah, could have worn anything she wanted to, not because she felt like it, but because no one could appreciate how she beautiful or ugly she looks. Although the Narrator can obviously see, he does not realize the restrictions he placed upon himself and how those restrictions prevented him from wanting or doing anything greater with his ownShow MoreRelated Blind Faith in Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay920 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesBlind Faith in Raymond Carvers Cathedral      Ã‚   In the story Cathedral by Raymond Carver, the main character, goes through a major personal transformation.   At the beginning of the story, his opinions of others are filled with stereotypes, discrimination and prejudice.   Through interaction with his wifes blind friend Robert, his attitude and outlook on life changes.   Although at first he seemed afraid to associate with a blind man, Roberts outgoing personality left him with virtually noRead MoreCathedral Critical Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pages02/01/2012 â€Å"Cathedral† Critical Essay It is human nature to shy away from social situations that make us uncomfortable. Also, as a people with great pride, we often find it difficult to admit when we have been iniquitous, or to allow ourselves to be open to humbling experiences. Sometimes though, it is not entirely due to intolerance that we allow ourselves to make ill-informed judgments. Raymond Carver was a writer with some insight concerning these very ideas. In his short story, â€Å"Cathedral,† CarverRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1340 Words   |  6 PagesRaymond Carver’s characters were considered to be very much like him: â€Å"’on the edge: of poverty, alcoholic self-destruction, loneliness† (Mays 32). His short story â€Å"Cathedral† is about a young couple, who have a visitor coming to stay with them. This visitor, Robert, is the wife’s friend, and he is blind. The narrator, the husband, has never met someone who is blind, was bothered by that. To h im, being blind meant constantly needing help from others. His depiction of blindness was what he has seenRead MoreA Man Becoming Prejudice Against Blind People1710 Words   |  7 PagesA man becoming prejudice against blind people. A man that has been closed off emotionally makes of a connection with a blind man, it is a breakthrough for him. It is an epiphany making a cathedral with the blind man is the moment when he learns how to trust another person.The Cathedral is a captivating story based on the lives of the narrator, his wife and a blind man. Raymond Carver is the author of this story, and he does an excellent job allowing the reader to delve into the lives of these charactersRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1426 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†: The Narrator Literature has the potential to act as a mirror by presenting people’s lived experiences, expectations, and perceptions through characters. Such is what can be deciphered through the analysis of different characters in Raymond Carver’s story â€Å"Cathedral.† This paper focuses on the narrator of the story portrayed by the author as blind, which is used metaphorically not to imply physical blindness, but the inability to have reasonedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Garden Of Death By Hugo Simberg1142 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay the 1896 watercolour and gouache version of The Garden of Death by Hugo Simberg will be discussed and analysed from three methodological art history perspectives: Biographically-based art history, Erwin Panofsky’s 3-stage method of pre-iconographic, iconographic and iconology, and Reception theory. The limits of these art histories will each be demonstrated. To begin, a biographically-based art history on Hugo Gerhard Simberg, who was born in 1873 in the Finnish town of Hamina.Read MoreVowel and British Poetry Assignment784 Words   |  4 PagesMEG-01: BRITISH POETRY ASSIGNMENT Max. Marks: 100 Programme: MC;G Assignment Code: MEGO 1 llMA120 10- 1 1 Dear Student. In a conventional class your teacher would have discussed your assignment with you, pointed out what made a good essay and what a bad one. We have done exactly the same thing in Unit 52 of the Thereafter decide upon a topic, i.e. a period or literary group in the history of British Poetry. You may, if you wish, select a topic from the list given in 52.2.1 (p.70). AlternativelyRead MoreEssay on Voltaire and the Beginning of the Enlightment1305 Words   |  6 Pages the Englightment, a time where he would continuously mock the idea of religion and reinforce the idea of human liberty and opinion fearlessly through his many plays, literature, and essays. Furthermore, Voltaire remained in England for three years while publishing an English version of the La Henriade, an essay concerning the defense of religious toleration.3 After finishing the publication, he dedicated it to the Queen. Eventually Voltaire was granted permission to return to France and cheerfullyRead MoreMinimalism by Raymond Carver Essay3013 Words   |  13 Pagesget a point across. This method leads to a creative piece of literature with strategically placed vocabulary to stimulate hidden meaning and different forms of communication throughout the plots as shown in â€Å"The Bath†, â€Å"A Small, Good Thing† and â€Å"Cathedral†. Carver’s use of minimalism was an intelligent way to allow readers to make their own personal connections and analogies of hidden messages throughout his stories. Minimalistic writing is when less means more. Many Critics refer to Raymond CarverRead MoreUsing Satire in A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift760 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift, is an essay that uses satire. Merriam-Webster defines satire as: a way of using humor to show that someone or something is foolish, weak, bad, etc.: humor that shows the weaknesses or bad qualities of a person, government, society, etc. â€Å"Satire may make the reader laugh at, or feel disgust for, the person or thing satirized. Impishly or sardonically, it criticizes someone or something, using wit and clever wording—and sometimes makes outrageous assertions or

Political Forum Post

Question: What, if anything, do the current conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, and among the Shi'a and Sunnis in Iraq and Syria, say about the utility of Huntington's thesis about the clash of civilizations? Answer: At the end of the cold war, the expertise of international relations and the political scientists were discovering the predictable and probable situations after this devastating revolution. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine took place due to some important reasons. The conflict arose when the presidents of Ukraine refuse to make an economic deal with Russia regarding the agreement in association. After a few days, that particular individual agreed to accept another economic deal with Russia. This was one of the effective reasons to for the conflict of Russia and Ukraine. On the other hand, Russia chose Ukraine for making their economic deal because Ukraine is possessed with the products of high quality along with its low prices. As a result, Russia would be benefited to make a free agreement with Ukraine. The primary reason between the conflict of Shias and Sunnis was differentiation of their values, beliefs and ethics. As per the Muslim theology, God renders the blessing through the prophets who plays the role of messengers[1] . Shias do not prefer to believe on messengers as they believe to reach the god directly[2]. As per their point of view, human being does not need to go through the prophet in order to receive the blessings of god. The beliefs and values of Sunnis were just the opposite. That was the root of arising conflict between Shias and Sunnis. This has become the ancient religious divide made a conflict regarding transforming a map for the people of Middle East. The current scenario has been changed right now. At present, more than ten thousands militants have been spread throughout Iraq and Syria. It was the amalgamation both Shias and Sunnis. The primary concern of many expertises was reducing the violence between them. Still, it is a matter of argument whether the religious conflict between this Shia and Sunnis would be reduced or it would go to the ultimate violence that would become a severe threat for leading a life successfully or for maintaining peace in the international field. In this situation, the well-known political scientist Samuel Huntington described the future aspect of the international system and policies[3]. Samuel believed the fact that one particular region is possessed with various cultural divisions such as Western, Islamic and Hindu and so many. Each and every cultured is attached with their own perception and values. As per his point of view, Islamic civilization had been raised as one of the major troubles. The inhabitants of Arab do not intend to share their values and perception with the Western countries. As a result, a major communication gap has occurred in between them. The nature of the conflict: The post situation of the cold war, the political scenario was it was entering to the new age of revolution. The nation states were getting back their rivalries, that was maintained traditionally and the aspect of tribalism and globalism was supplying the strength to the decline of the nation. As these aspects were the matter of main concern of the era, they missed the central aspect of the globally inspired politics. The aspect of civilization after the cold war: The migration to the Western Europe was incredibly increased by the growth of population in the Arabian countries. The aspect of racism was broadly open that time. The clash of civilization was indicated by the differences between the Islam and the west culture. The conflict was increasing on the area of northern border in Islam, which involves the Orthodox and Muslim people, which expressed as the violence between the Serb and Albanian, and the relationship was also getting destroyed between the Bulgarian and the minorities of the Turkish[4]. Conclusion: It was not that much surprising, as people were so much excited for the after effects of the cold war, the thesis of Huntington was a little bit controversial. The facts of civilization was globally criticized by the critics, as it consists of the unclear definition of the concept of civilization, as the western civilization is mainly consists of the western and modern, i.e. non-western civilization. Reference: Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations?Foreign Affairs72.3:22-49. (1993) Kenny, Charles. The Convergence of Civilizations.Foreign Policy(2013) Ayoob, Mohammed. 2012. Was Huntington Right? Revisiting the Clash of Civilizations.Insight Turkey14.4: 1- 11. (2012.)

learning and motivation Essay Example

learning and motivation Essay Introduction: In order to study how people learn a new set of behaviors, we are going to apply three learning theories which learned though this course: classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social cognitive theory . ln this paper, only one example would be applied by the theories. The chosen example is a commercial of LNYX body wash which will be further described in the next paragraph. First, we will briefly describe the cases. Then, the application of the theory will be presented part by part from classical conditioning, operant conditioning to social cognitive theory . n each art, we will briefly introduce the major concept of the theories used , followed by the studies on the effectiveness of the commercial. Commercial Content: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=YuvIsaOYr18 The following is the description of the commercial content. The commercial showed that there are two men who were using two different kinds of body wash product. They went clubbing together after us ing the two different body wash products. The man who used LYNX body wash is charm and handsome so that he got many attractions from girls but another man who used other brand of body wash did not. Classical Conditioning: According to the learning behaviorism approaches, there are two forms of associative learning: Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. I would briefly introduce what is classical conditioning and apply classical conditioning in the chosen advertisement. Last but not least, it will be an analysis on the effectiveness of this advertisement with certain related concepts. Classical conditioning is learning through association/ pairing This is a basic form of learning in which one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another. It also involves making a new connection, or association, between events in the environment. Referring to the commercial showed, before conditioning, charming and handsome man was the unconditioned stimulus and naturally elicits to the reflex of the unconditioned response which was got attraction from girls. During conditioning, there was the pairing up between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. Refer to the commercial, charming and handsome man was the unconditioned stimulus and the LYNX body wash was the neutral stimulus which has no intrinsic meaning to the organism before conditioning. After conditioning, man would get attraction form girls after using the LYNX body wash product. We will write a custom essay sample on learning and motivation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on learning and motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on learning and motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So LYNX body wash become conditioned stimulus and elicit girls attraction which is the conditioned For the commercials effectiveness, it depends on peoples cognition of this commercial. According to the related concept of classical conditioning, stimulus generalization is automatic extension of conditioned responding to similar stimuli. Thus, One who are confused about LYNX body wash with other similar product cannot identify the difference and response in the same way with the similar products. That is, they believed that using other brands body wash can also get attraction form girls. Then, the commercials effectiveness would be diminished. Under another situation, stimulus discrimination, the organism does not respond the same way to two similar stimuli as it has learned to distinguish between them. One can distinguish between products of different brands and distinguish that only the use of LYNX can attract girls. So, the effectiveness of the commercial increase as people are willing to buy LYNX body wash in order to get attraction from girls . Therefore, the commercial effectiveness depends on peoples cognition on this advertisement. Operant Conditioning: According to operant conditioning, learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences. (Skinner, 1983)Following the law of effect, if the consequence is positive, or satisfying to the organism, in future with the same stimulus presented again, the same response will be more likely to occur, vice versa. Thus, Skinner said that we learn an association between a response to a stimulus and its consequences with the experiment he did. In this commercial, the stimulus is the use of LYNX body wash; the consequence is become attractive among girls. As we ll know, the consequences attractive here, is positive and pleasant, so people will be more likely to use LYNX body wash. The video shows both types of consequences: reinforcement and punishment. In the video, the man who use LYNX body wash and go clubbing becomes more charming and attracts girls attentions. Being charm is a positive reinforcement. Since Behavior is followed by the delivery of an appetitive stimulus, and it is Increases the probability of that behavior (Skinner, 1969), the delivery of attractiveness after using LYNX body wash reinforces him to increase the behavior of using LYNX body wash. Another man in the commercial, who wears in pink, is using other common brands body wash and going clubbing, he becomes feminine and unwelcome among girls. Removal of attractiveness is the negative punishment since behavior is followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus, and it is decreasing the probability of that behavior (Skinner, 1969). Therefore, people will not choose to use other brands body wash so as to avoid the unwelcome consequence of removing attractiveness. In order to have an in-depth study on the effectiveness of the commercial based one perant conditioning, we will examine the fulfillment of some important conditions immediately and reinforcer must follow the response. In the commercial popularity among girls (reinforcer) Just followed the response of using LYNX body wash immediately. That means Reinforcers that precede a response rarely have an effect on the response. Moreover, there is no delay in the presentation of popularity among girls after the men using LYNX body wash which preserve the effectiveness of commercial. If the presentation of popularity among girls delayed, the commercial would become less effective as the reinforcers presentation is elayed and the noticed consequence become less rewarding. Last but not least, there are two men using in different brand of body wash but the popularity among girls was only presented when the desired response (use LYNX body wash) occurred. This fulfills the reinforcement contingency which stated that the reinforcer should be presented only when the desired response has occurred. Since there is a strong fulfillment of those conditions for operant conditioning, the commercial is regarded as effective. Social Cognitive Theory: The social cognitive theory force on what and how people learn from one another. There is a reciprocal causation in social cognitive theory stated that the interaction of three variables: environment, person and behavior, affect each other. In order to have a clearer insight on how social cognitive theory is applied in this commercial, we initiate our application from the first step, that is, processes in observation learning. The processes of observation learning included Attention to appropriate models, Retention, Motor Reproduction and Motivation. That means the learner have to pay attention to character in the commercial and remember what the character did. Next, he has to practice Models behavior by using LYNX body wash. If he believe that he will be charming after using LYNX body wash, he will be motivate to keep imitating the Models behavior. Observational learning occurs when an organisms responses are influenced by the observation of a models behavior. Unlike other learning theories, observational learning can be vicarious. In another words, organism simply observes another perform a behavior, notes the consequences, and modifies its own behavior in a future, similar situation. In such, learner observes that the models behavior of using LYNX body wash so as the vicarious reinforcement the model received in the commercial. The learner would then be reinforced by the vicarious reinforcement of Charming and handsome, he would be more likely to imitate the models behavior for the sake of obtaining the same kind of reinforcement in the future. That means, he is going to use LYNX body wash so as to become charming, handsome and attractive to girls. oth self-efficacy and expectancies would affect ones likelihood in imitating the behavior. When one believes they are capable of executing the behaviors successfully, he is with high self-efficacy. Thus, one who got high self-efficacy think that it is easy to get and use LYNX body wash after watching such modeling. He is more likely to imitate the model and using t he product mentioned in the commercial. Expectancies, is about the consequences of a behavior are what render the behavior more or less likely to occur. When one expect to receive a favorable consequence of being Charm and handsome after using LYNX, he is more likely to do so. In order to study whether the commercial is effective, we examine the fulfillment of characteristics of effective models. We found that the model is competent because earners are capable in getting get LYNX body wash. The model behaves in stereotypical gender-appropriate ways as boys generally want to be attractive among girls. to our belief, the commercial will be more effective to boys who seeking for lovers because the models behavior is relevant to the observers situation. as the commercial fulfill such characteristics of effective models, it is an effective commercial form the analysis of social cognitive theory. Conclusion: In conclusion, we had applied all three theories namely classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social cognitive theory in one commercial. We found that the learning effectiveness of the case would depend on different conditions. For instance, in classical conditioning, people would have confusion with different body wash brand thus decrease the effectiveness of the commercial when there is a stimulus generalization; however, commercial would become more effective when there is stimulus discrimination because people could distinguish between different brands which urging them in purchase LYNX body wash. In addition, we can look into some particular conditions and characteristics to scrutinize the effectiveness of the commercial. For operant conditioning, we have examine on some important conditions for operant conditioning like the reinforcement contingency, reinforce must follow the response and immediacy. For social cognitive theory, we have study in some of the Characteristics of effective models: Such as competency, stereotypical gender-appropriate ways and whether the models behavior is relevant to the observers situation. We also noticed that one with high self-efficacy and expectation towards the behavior would also increase the effectiveness of the commercial. Based on the fulfillment of those particular onditions and characteristics of operant conditioning and social cognitive theory respectively, we reckon that the commercial is still regarded as the effective one. Skinner, B. F. (1938). The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: B. F. Skinner Foundation. Skinner, B. F. (1969) Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis TV Commercial from YouTube: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=YuvIsaOYr18 Bibliography Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57(4), 193-216.

Roman Entertainment Essays - Ancient Roman Culture, Titus, Rooms

Roman Entertainment Roman Entertainment "Bathing, wine, and Venus wear out the soul but are the real stuff of life." (Proverb in Sparta, A History of Private Life from Pagan Rome to Byzantium, 183) Civilizations of Ancient Rome and modern day are similar because entertainment is an important part of life. In Ancient Rome, the rich and the poor could enjoy entertainment and relaxation. Men and women spent many hours of their day participating in entertainment activities. Ancient Romans enjoyed many types of entertainment, but the most popular were bathing, bloody spectacles, and banquets. A gong sounded every morning to open the public baths to the lines of people waiting. Public baths were not only used to get clean but as a place to gossip, meet people, and show off. They could be compared to modern day beaches. The sexes were separated into two different areas; the men had the larger rooms. The society levels at the baths were nonexistent, and gladiators, slaves, men, and women were treated equal. Every town was expected to have at least one public bath, which each person was visited two to three times per week by a person. The procedure followed at the baths seemed very relaxing. Citizens would first go to the unctuarium where oil was rubbed onto the skin, and they would exercise. Then they would enter the tepidarium or the "warm" room, with heated floors and walls. Here, they would lie around chatting and gossiping. The last step was the caldarium, which was similar to a Turkish bath, hot and steamy. Romans would sit and perspire, and their skin was scraped with a curved metal tool called a strigil. They were served drinks and snacks in the hot bath, or calidarium. Finally they would take a quick dip in the cold bath, the frigidarium. After this lengthy process, men and women would enjoy massages where oils and perfumes were rubbed into their skin. Many Roman citizens attended bloody spectacles at the famous colosseum. The colosseum opened in A.D.80 and hosted 100 spectacles a year. 50,000 available seats were divided into social classes. Women and poor people were seated on the fourth tier. The most popular show featured at the colosseum was the gladiators. They would show in the late afternoon and were often attended after the public baths. The gladiators easily entertained and won over the crowd. The gladiators were slaves, condemned criminals, prisoners of war, and often they were idols of young girls. They would fight battles with animals or other opponents until death. These bloody shows would entertain the citizens for hours. Despite laws setting limits on earnings, many gladiators earned large sums and could buy freedom. Banquets were attended for an exciting night of entertainment. Banquets were a ceremony of civility, occasions for private men to savor their accomplishments and show off to peers. Many people were invited; even the lower class was invited and treated equal. The food was spicy and served medieval style, people sat around lounging couches on pedestal tables. Many different types of entertainment went on at banquets. The guests were expected to express views on general topics and noble subjects. The host would hire professionals to provide music, dancing, and singing. The longest time of the night was set aside for drinking. It was tradition for them to never drink when they ate. Men were expected to consume large amounts of alcohol. Ancient Romans believed that entertainment was a very important part of civilization. They would spend mornings socializing at baths, afternoons at the colosseum, and drink and eat all night at banquets. Romans enjoyed being entertained similar to today society. "To everything there was a season, and pleasure was no less legitimate than virtue." (Paul Veyne, A History of Private Life from Pagan Rome to Byzantium, 183)

Columbine Essays - Columbine High School Massacre, Death, Murder

Columbine Essays - Columbine High School Massacre, Death, Murder Columbine Columbine The tragedy at Columbine High School is something that will be remembered and talked about for many years to come. People from across the nation have all heard about this event. But there are still a couple questions that people have. For instance whos to blame? The kids alone, the parents for how they brought the children up, or even actually the students at Columbine? Most say that the parents are to blame, but who actually knows? In my opinion the only two people that can actually answer this question truthfully are both dead. Everyone wants answers. Did the kids have help? Who was it? Who sold them the weapons and why? Why did they do this? How could they do this? I had a class about the last question. Who could actually go into a room and commit a crime of massacre in a school of people that you know and have grown up with? Most of our class thought that they couldnt ever get enough anger to do anything even remotely as bad, but when you actually think about it, if you had no fr iends and where made fun of all the time. It looked like your parents, teachers, and even all your own piers where against you. I think anyone could snap and maybe even do something as drastic as this (Why at Columbine High). Did the boys, Dylan Klebold, 17, and Eric Harris, 18, have any help doing this crime. As of yet no one has true evidence that proves they did except they did find who sold them the weapons. Police found around thirty small bombs and one twenty-pound propane bomb in the school, enough explosives to blow the school into almost nothing. For this reason people believe that the boys either had to have help or they had visited the school many times to plan this assault. No one talking though and no proof has been found. Their not only looking for information from someone that could point to someone that had helped theyre also looking for someone that had known that this was going to happen, so that they may find the answers to so many questions (The Colorado Shooting : Who Helped). Besides many bombs the police had also found a horrible suicide note. Your children who have ridiculed me, who have chosen not to accept me, who have treated me like I am not worth their time are dead. THEY ARE (expletive) DEAD. I may have taken their lives and my own - but it was your doing. Teachers, parents, LET THIS MASSACRE BE ON YOUR SHOULDERS UNTIL THE DAY YOU DIE. Those lines from the note have to be the worst thing Ive read in my life. Its almost as if they are completely happy with doing this, and they think that theyre doing for the good of the people. The letter goes on to say, You may think the horror ends with the bullet in my head, but you wouldn't be so lucky. All that I can leave you with to decipher what more extensive death is to come is 12Skizto. You have until April 26th. Goodbye. This is something that Ive only read in this one place 12Skizto what could it mean? So far course they believe it had something to do with the bombs they found in the sc hool, but who actually knows? The way they word everything is so sad. Its sad because just by reading these pieces of the note you know they must have had so much hatred towards their parents, teachers, piers, and even the parents of their piers (Police Discover Possible Suicide Note). Another tragic event that happened out of all this is the martyr Cassie Bernall's death. This girl stood up and said, There is a God, and you need to follow along God's path. And because of that simple statement that she said directly to the boys they shot her dead. What a brave little girl, giving up her life in hope that maybe just maybe the boys may stop. Unfortunately it had no effect. And now the death of Cassie Bernall will stay with everyone as the martyr of the

Jansons idea of an Image made by Chance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jansons idea of an Image made by Chance - Essay Example pp16) Mantegna finds that an affirmation for accidental images or image made by chance leads to a denial of the classical heritage.2 (Gamboni, Dario, pp27) The cloud images in his work show different representations, such as the horse man in the top left-hand corner in his Saint Sebastian of 1459. Janson is of the view that the horse man appeared while the artist was painting the cloud and was retained as a â€Å"visual pun† in accordance with classical theory, but he did not take it to its final complete rendering because of mismatch with his work. (Gamboni, Dario, pp27) This image is most unremarkable and left incomplete in order to retain the contours of the cloud which has primacy in his schematic theorization. An image made by chance finds difficulty in acceptance as a work of art when taken in the context of the definition, that all art springs from a purposeful activity. When we look at a work of art as the image of chance, it necessitates that we attach to it divinity or a supernatural force which has shaped it or else support its existence based on an individuals imagination. In classical times, the chance images were mainly of three kinds-those found in the rocks, clouds and blots. Plinys Natural History tells of an image of Silenus chanced upon when a block of Parian marble was split open with wedges. (Page 341, Volume 1(XXXVI, v) In describing another work by Protogenes, (XXXV,x) and another painter Neacles, a great deal of emphasis is placed on the â€Å"strokes of luck† which made their work possible to achieve. In the Middle Ages the chance images were used more in theological writings than in artistic pursuits.3 Anslem of Canterbury (Cur Deus homo, ed. F. S. Schmitt, Darmstadt [1960], p. 16) compares arguments to â€Å"figments painted on clouds† (Page 343, Volume 1) By the end of the Middle Ages several relics were the only instances where chance images were given prominence, save for some works of art such as the Nativity scene from Germany,

ENG TOPIC IN LITERATURE DB 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ENG TOPIC IN LITERATURE DB 3 - Essay Example Mother was among the group of ladies, talking to her friend the only other coloured lady, wife of the junior clerk in the company where my father worked. She was young, and married only a couple of years ago. In the absence of her friend, during earlier occassions, I had seen mother sit on the periphery of the group, participating attentively in the general conversation, but not uttering a word. She preferred not to draw attention to herself, and was also afraid to speak in case her words were misunderstood. At home also, mother was a quiet lady, doing her chores, and running her home business of preserves and pickles, in a calm and mild manner. She also cared for my aging grand-mother as best as she could, though grandma took it all for granted. Grandmother expected her daughter-in-law: my mother to do the needful and much more also, like she herself had looked after my grandfather’s mother in her old age. Grandfather had helped her with the domestic work and lightened her du ties, as he was grateful that his mother was being accommodated in their home. But grandmother chose not to remember this fact. Mother ws keen to bring me up to be a fine, young woman whom she could be proud of. In that direction, she would teach me various skills in housekeeping, help me to be regular with my school work, and she expected me to behave well under all circumstances. I had been close to my mother as her only child, and being a girl had needed her presence in all aspects of my life. During my childhood days, I rushed home from school to greet her, and again in the evening after playing with my friends. Our feelings were mutual, and we shared a warm bond between us. I could sense sometimes in mother a requirement for understanding and friendship from my father, who generally maintained his distance from both my mother and myself,

Law Enforcement Essay Example for Free

Law Enforcement Essay Abstract This research paper shall discuss the duties, the responsibilities and requirements of becoming a Federal Bureau of Investigator. It will also discuss the foundation and accomplishment of the Federal Bureau Investigation. Becoming an FBI agent is probably hard for some people because it takes a lot of dedicated time and motivation to achieve. There are steps in this field that you should apply yourself to do in order to succeed. Once you are inside the field you will enjoy doing what you love to best which is saving and protecting American Citizens from harm. This field has to be something that you are willing to commit yourself to do at all time. Introduction What interested me about becoming an FBI agent is that it involves an extensive amount of traveling around the country, which allows me to visit different places; in addition to learning about different cultures and their government. Another thing that interests me about becoming an agent is that they investigate a variety of different cases from national security and federal law, criminal activity such as bank robberies , terrorism, missing children, organize crime and drug trafficking, which gives me a great deal of experience on investigating cases. Furthermore, becoming a FBI agent gives me the opportunity to gain knowledge about variety of different  sectors within the law enforcements field. Historical Overview Today in America people don’t understand the importance of the Federal Bureau of investigation and how much of a help they are. In 1892, most Americans who held positions within Law Enforcement didn’t take their job as serious as they do now, due to the fact that they were more worried about being known to the public rather than solving crimes. That later changed when Theodore Roosevelt became President. President Roosevelt along with appointed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte had put together and formed Bureau of Investigation special agent’s task force in 1908 (FBI). Once the Bureau of Investigation was established, they began investigating violation laws such as national banking, bankruptcy, naturalization, antitrust, peonage and fraud (FBI). By June 1910 the Bureau’s jurisdictions had its first major expansion, which was also the year when the White Slave act was passed; The White Slave act allows the federal government the right to investigate criminals who evaded state laws but had no other federal violations and it became a crime to transport females across the state line for morally wrong purposes (FBI). By the 1920’s new requirements were made. Prospective agents had to go through a training course, and agents had to be the age of twenty- five through thirty five (FBI). During the great depression in the United States crimes had gotten out of control, therefore the Department of Justice’s Investigator had issued their first Law Enforcement Bulletin, which later became the FBI Fugitives Wanted list (FBI). On July 1, 1932, the Bureau of Investigation was renamed the United States of Investigation; A year later in July of 1933 the Department of Justice’s Investigator was changed to Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The FBI carried out investigations of all threats when they felt it was a threat to the National Security. By the time 1940’s the FBI had stepped in on a Sabotage Investigation trying to capture four Germany men who placed explosive bombs on the beaches of Amagansett, Long Island and Ponte Vedra Beach in Florida (Wagner). They also were supposed to place explosive bombs in public for the next six weeks. George Dashch, one of the German agents who had turned himself in to the FBI and told the Germany’s plans of bombing some parts of U.S, because he was scared of going to prison for life in the  United States (Wagner). He helped the FBI capture eight Germany Saboteurs and their case became one of the biggest cases in history, because they stopped Germany’s Saboteurs from returning (Wagner). In the 1960’s the Civil Rights Act was passed and the FBI got involved to stop the violence with the Ku Klux Klan, the Black Panthers and other protesters (Wagner). They were to help solve murder cases that involved civil rights violations. Around the time in 1970 Director Kelley got involved to help the public trust in the FBI as well as in the law enforcement; he made numerous changes during his time and targeted the training and selection of FBI and the law enforcement leaders, the procedures of investigation intelligence collection and the prioritizing of criminal programs (FBI). During his term he made it a goal to have more women involved in the FBI. After Kelley resigned Judge William Webster took his place. While he was in office the FBI started to use laser technology to detect fingerprints on crimes scenes he also expanded the effort in the foreign counterintelligence, organized crime and white collar crime (FBI). In his time the FBI solved so many cases. FBI laboratory helped the FBI find their criminals fingerprints on a crime scene. For decades Federal Bureau Investigations has spent years trying to protect the United Stated from terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, they were committed to their values and core beliefs. P rimary Mission FBI Agents mission is to protect the United States citizen from terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to provide leadership and criminal justice service to the federal Government, the international agencies and partners (Wagner). Their mission is to bring Justice to those who break the laws in the United States. Diversity of Jobs The FBI is a very diverse field to work in, because the people they employ come from different educational and career backgrounds. Such as lawyers, doctor, accountants, photographers, police officers, etc and their diversity continue to grow. African Americans and Hispanics make up twenty- five percent of FBI employees and women make up forty-five percent. Jurisdictional Authority There are severely other important Federal Law Enforcement agencies, but the  Federal Bureau of Investigation is the best known agency in the Federal Level. The FBI is involved on seven different types of investigation such as counterterrorism, financial crimes, corruption investigation, and Civil Rights (Harmon). The FBI conducts investigation on groups that have hatred towards other races or genders, Foreign Counterintelligence, organized crime and narcotics, violent crimes like bank robbers and application for sensitive government positions. Hiring Requirements In order to become a Federal of Bureau Investigator there are several steps you have to go through. You must be a U.S citizen between the ages of twenty- three through thirty seven with a valid license, your eye sight must be 20/20 and 20/40 (Harmon). To get accepted in the FBI you have to pass the exam that’s given as well as do a background check. As far a resume and reference they have to talk to your past employers as well as talk to your family, friends, and colleagues, this can take up to four months for the process to finish (Harmon). If you are accepted you will do 600 hours in training in 15 weeks at the FBI Academy Quantico, Virginia (Harmon). Where you will learn how to gather evidence, case investigation, they study behavior science, master in certain computers science and learn self-defense technique (Harmon). Trainers will also learn how to recognize firearms as well use them and they must become good enough to hit a target 50 yards away (Harmon). After training you will be assigned your first case if you qualified. Top three Greatest Challenges One of the top challenges the FBI deals with is working long hour shifts by spending numerous hours at work or staking out in vehicles. They spend long shift hours on cases trying to figure the cause on why the incident happened or how can they stop the incident. Another challenge would be traveling all over the United States trying to gather information about your case and how you prevent it from happening. The last challenge would be dedicating all your time to your job and having to spend less time with your family, from being so involved with your case which takes up the majority of your time. Your Personal Critique I feel that the FBI would be a good field for me to help protect my country  from any harm. I feel that working for the FBI is a very demanding job, that you have to commit to and I’m a very dedicated and motivated person that likes challenges and love helping others. I feel that becoming an FBI agent would be a great field for me to work in because I can do what I love as well as protecting my country Conclusion In Conclusion by doing all this back ground research on Federal Bureau of Investigation I found that they are the number one Law Enforcement agency that is called upon to respond to terrorism and participation of bills that are being passed. They handle a number of different units around the world such as missing children, national security, banking fraud or violent crimes unlike police officers who just handles local crimes, their always involved in crimes to help protect the United States. References FBI. (n.d.). Retrieved from website: http://www.fbi.gov/ Harmon, E. D. (2001). The fbi (Crime, Justice and Punishment). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. Wagner, H. (2007). The federal bureau of investigation. New York: Infobase Publishing.

GeoStrategic Importance of Pakistan

GeoStrategic Importance of Pakistan Geo- Strategic means importance of a country or a region as by virtue of its geographical location. Geo political is defined as, stressing the influence of geographic factors on the state power, international conduct and advantages it derives from its location. Pakistan is located at a region which has a great economic, political and strategic location. It has been the hub of great activities for the past twenty years. Stephen Cohn describes this importance While history has been unkind to Pakistan, its geography has been its greatest benefit. It has resource rich area in the north-west, people rich in the north-east. Pakistan is a junction of South Asia, West Asia and Central Asia, a way from resource efficient countries to resource deficient countries. The world is facing energy crisis and terrorism. Pakistan is a route for transportation, and a front line state against terrorism. Pakistan has witnessed the intervention of three great powers Britons, U.S.S.R and U.S. Its significance is further enhanced during the cold war when it became the alley of the U.S policy of containment of U.S.S.R and now the post cold war era has witnessed its significance politically after the event of 9/11. Pakistans Geographical Location: Pakistan is located in southern Asia. It is located between 24 and 36.5 Northern latitude and between 61 and 75.5 eastern latitude. The area of Pakistan is estimated at 803,940 square kilometers. Pakistan is the bridge between South Asia and South West Asia. Towards the North western part of Pakistan there lies Afghanistan. Pakistans boundary with Afghanistan is about 2,250 kilometers long. In the north, it runs along the ridges of the Hindu Kush (meaning Hindu Killer) mountains and the Pamirs, where a narrow strip of Afghan territory called the Wakhan Corridor extends between Pakistan and Tajikistan. This strip is about 16 to 25 kilometers long. The boundary line between Pakistan and Afghanistan is called Durand Line and it was drawn by Sir Mortimer Durand in 1893 and he was the foreign sectary of British India and was acceded to by the ameer of Afghanistan that same year. It was not in doubt when Pakistan became independent in 1947, although its legitimacy was in later years disputed periodically by the Afghan government as well as by Pakhtun tribes straddling the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. On the one hand, Afghanistan claimed that the Durand Line had been imposed by a stronger power upon a weaker one, and it favored the establishmen t of still another state to be called Pashtunistan or Pakhtunistan. On the other hand, Pakistan, as the legatee of the British in the region, insisted on the legality and permanence of the boundary. The Durand Line remained in effect in 1994. In the northeastern tip of the country, Pakistan controls about 84,159 square kilometers of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. This area, consisting of Azad Kashmir (11,639 square kilometers) and most of the Northern Areas (72,520 square kilometers), which includes Gilgit and Baltistan, is the most visually stunning of Pakistan. The Northern Areas has five of the worlds seventeen highest mountains. It also has such extensive glaciers that it has sometimes been called the third pole. The boundary line has been a matter of pivotal dispute between Pakistan and India since 1947, and the Siachen Glacier in northern Kashmir has been an important arena for fighting between the two sides since 1984, although far more soldiers have died of exposure to the cold than from any skirmishes in the conflict. From the eastern end of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, a boundary of about 520 kilometers runs generally southeast between China and Pakistan, ending near the Karakoram Pass. This line was determined from 1961 to 1965 in a series of agreements between China and Pakistan. By mutual agreement, a new boundary treaty is to be negotiated between China and Pakistan when the dispute over Kashmir is finally resolved between India and Pakistan. The India-Pakistan Border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is the international boundary between India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat from provinces of Punjab and Sindh. Pakistan borders India in the East. The border resulted from the Partition of India in 1947. The Line of Control (L.O.C) separates The Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistan administered Azad Kashmir. Wagah, the ceremonial point of crossing between India and Pakistan lies along this border between the Indian city of Amritsar and the Pakistani city of Lahore, and is within close distance of both cities urban sprwal. The boundary with Iran, some 800 kilometers in length, was first delimited by a British commission in 1893, separating Iran from what was then British Indian Balochistan. In 1957 Pakistan signed a frontier agreement with Iran, and since then the border between the two countries has not been a subject of serious dispute. To the South of Pakistan , Arabian sea and Indian ocean are located. The costal belt of Pakistan is about 700 kilometer. Pakistan significance is enhanced as it located near the Persian Gulf from where 65% oil of the world is produced. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: 500 BC , one of the worlds first great civilizations began to develop in the Indus Valley in what is now Pakistan.Ruin of Harrapa and Mhenjo- Daro , were the two major cities of the civilization, show that both were large and well planned. By about 1700 BC, the Indus Valley civilization had disappeared. Experts dont know why it collapsed. During the next several thousand years, many people from southwest and Central Asia came into the region that is now Pakistan. About 1500 BC, a Central Asian people called Aryans came through the mountains passes to the Punjab region. In time, they settled across almost all of india. The Persians conquered the Punjab during the 500 BC and made it part of the huge Achmenid empire. In 236BC, Alexander the great took control of most of what is now Pakistan, a few years later, the emperor Chandra Gupta Mauriya made the region, part of Mauriyan empire. The Mauriyan Empire began to break up about 230BC. Greeks from the independent state of Bacteria in Central Asia then invaded the Indus valley, they established kingdom with capitals near the present day cities of Peshawar and Rawalpindi. About 100BC Scythians from Afghanistan came into Baluchistan and Sindh. In time they conquered the Indus region. The Parthian, who in turn was conquered by the Kushans of Central Asia, replaced Afghans. The Kushans ruled what is now Afghan. Pakistan and northwest India from about AD 50 mid 200s. They controlled the trade routes from China to India and the Middle East, Peshawar, the kushan capital, became the major commercial center. During the mid 300 the Indus valley become part of the Gupta Empire which had expanded westward from northeastern India, Huns from Central Asia conquered the empire in mid 400s. The coming of Islam, In AD 711,Arabs Muslims sailed across the Arabian sea and invaded Sindh bringing Islam to the region, Beginning about AD 1000 Turkish Muslim invaded Northern Pakistan from Iran. The Turkish ruler Mehmood of Ghazni established a Muslim kingdom that in time including the entire Indus Valley. Lahore become the capital of the kingdom and developed into a major entre of Muslim culture. In 1206, most of what is now Pakistan became part of the Delhi Sultanat, a Muslim empire that included Northern India. The Delhi Sultanat lasted until 1526, when Babar a Muslim ruler from Afghanistan, invaded India and established the Mughul Empire. By far Sher Shahs greatest legacy is the modern Grand Trunk road which ran from Bengal to Attock, however some claim it ran right up to Kabul. Along the way Baulis and Sarais were constructed which are the equivalent of Modern day Service stations. Some 450 years later, an incompetent ruler of Modern Pakistan also fancied going down in History as Sher Shah Suri. The result, a road though one of the best in the world but a white elephant for the Pakistani Nation.

Main Essay

The Daily Mail quotes, â€Å"Protein drinks ‘are no help for athletes and aren't better than a balanced diet',† with The Independent also reporting that there is â€Å"no benefit from sports drinks†. However, does this affect the Protein sports drinks' market? Clear Barrett writes In an article on The Financial Times saying that Omnipotent. Com, Rupee's leading online sports nutrition retailer is forecast to generating earnings of EOM on annual turnover of MEME in the year 2011 from the sale of sports protein drinks and supplements, favored by bodybuilders and sports enthusiasts.Its sales are expected to reach EMMA this year. (Remuneration 2009) found that â€Å"Globally, the U. S is the largest market for sports nutrition supplements and represents 63% of the value. Mexico Is the second largest market with US $192 million In retail sales, followed closely by the united Kingdom with US SSL 72 million. Japan has a market size of US $87 million, while China and Ind ia have negligible sports nutrition retail sales. However, Authenticity and efficacy remain big challenges for the sports nutrition market. Remuneration, 2008) stated that â€Å"the global market for ports nutrition supplements was valued at US $4. 2 billion. The market experienced strong growth until 2008, then growth gradually declined due to a lack of consumer confidence In spending on discretionary products, as a result of the global recession. † Furthermore, recent research have Indicated that protein supplements are bad for your health and can be life threatening. The British Dietetic Association (BAD) says â€Å"high levels of additional protein can cause side-effects, which can include nausea as well as kidney and liver damage. The BAD argues there is now evidence to show excess levels of additional protein taken over a long time can cause health problems. Jane Griffin speaking for the BAD concluded, â€Å"People who have these high protein diets are now running Int o problems with their kidneys because of the amount of protein they must get rid of. † The information provided indicates that there was a decrease in demand in the market for sports protein drinks and can be conveyed in a supply and demand diagram. The first figure (1) is a rundown where value is determined by the market.The supply curve of a certain product as well as the demand curve of the same product is shown on the same axes. David King quotes â€Å"This Is where there Is no excess demand or excess supply, so that the quantity To summaries; â€Å"A demand curve shows the quantity that would be demanded at each price or wage, and a supply curve shows the quantity that would be supplied eat each price or wage. The price or wage will settle at its equilibrium level, which is the level at which the two curves intersect. † Figure (2) shows a shift in demand (to the left) for sports protein drinks.Because of the recession, globally protein drinks will be set at a pric e too high, even though the price does not change. Therefore, protein nutrition drinks will become less attractive for consumers, consequently forcing consumers to purchase less as the price is too high. A shift in the demand curve implies that the original demand curve has changed, meaning that the quantity demanded is affected by a factor other than price, in this case the global recession and awareness that protein drinks actually affect health and may be life threatening.To conclude, protein sports drink manufacturers would be forced to supply less for the same price. King quotes, â€Å"if demand decreases, buyers will demand a smaller annuity at each possible price. So the demand curve shifts left, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all fall. † Price* Quantity* Price Quantity However, historically, the users of protein nutrition products have been limited to bodybuilders and athletes, but this has now expanded to include recreational users and li festyle users (Denominator 2006).Research in 2012 suggest that more teenagers are using muscle enhancing products, such as protein supplements, according to a study published in Pediatrics, a Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A CNN article by (Trash Henry) quotes, â€Å"Researchers found the number of teens reporting muscle enhancing behavior to be substantially higher than in previous years. Boys were more likely to report these behaviors, which included supplement use and consumption of protein shakes†, while Dry.Maria Ginsberg, the lead study author said â€Å"These behaviors are a little more common among young Dry. Nicholas Fletcher, an assistant professor of orthopedic declares that, â€Å"As their idols have increased in size they are continually pushed to get stronger, bigger and faster†¦ There is that trickle-down effect. From this, we can assume that the market for Protein sports drinks is indeed rising, due to teenagers working towards increasin g their body mass and overall strength and striving to follow in the footsteps of their inspirational leaders.A BBC article done by Newsiest reporter (Kelsey) stated that Remuneration, whom researchers the market size of products, estimates that the sport supplement industry grew 15% last year. It estimated that one in five people who go to the gym more than twice a week use supplements that can come in the form of powders and bars. The information provided can assume that there is a cent increase in demand for sports protein drinks. Figure (3) below indicates that the quantity demanded for protein sports drink increased even though the price remained the same.A shift to the right for the demand curve depicts the quantity of demand for protein drinks rising. Again, a shift in the demand curve indicates that the original demand relationship has changed; meaning that quantity demand for protein sports drink is affected by something other than price. In this instance, demand for protei n was increased because of protein nutrition products expanding ND targeted not only athletes and bodybuilders, but also children and regular gym attendees. David King quotes, â€Å"If demand increases, buyers will demand a higher quantity at each possible price.So the demand curve shifts right, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all rise. † To conclude, protein drinks will always be in demand as these products are used not only for sports use, but also widely used between regular gym attendees and children. However, the recent VAT increase implemented on sports nutrition drinks which has taken effect on the 1st October 2012 may cause the demand to slightly crease. References: King, D. (2012) Economics. POP Oxford Remuneration International. Lully 2009).

African American Stereotypes in the Media

Jakaya McCambry 10/02/12 African American Stereotypes in the Media When I first heard someone say, â€Å"All African American people are Ghetto,† I was very offended that someone would make this type of assumption about my culture, and I thought how ignorant this person must be; but then I stopped and wondered why other people would think this about us. I asked her why she would say something like this, and she instantly listed shows like Tosh. O and Chelsea Lately, which highlight my culture in a negative view.It was clear to me that she had made up her mind about black people through watching the media and seeing African Americans fulfill that stereotype in person. This led me to question: Where exactly do these stereotypes come from? Are African American stereotypes still apparent in the media? What shows, movies, etc have made others portray our race as â€Å"Ghetto† or other lists of stereotypes? Are there any solutions to stop African American stereotypes? When we subscribe to the belief that groups of member are expected to possess certain characteristics, we are engaging stereotypes.When these groups are evaluated based on what the perceiver believes the target ought to be, judgments are made. These judgments concerning these individuals, based on their membership in a group or judgments made about people are not particularly based on facts. Stereotypes about our race dates all the way back to slavery. The beliefs that we were dishonest, promiscuous, and violent were evident during slavery of our black race. More recently the media sets the tone for morals, values, info about our culture; leading people to believe everything they see on TV including black stereotypes.It is a fact that one out of three people are said to have more than one TV in their house, which shows that media is a source for how people form perceptions about people (Tosi 13). Perception thus becomes a reality to people, and once people perceive it, stereotyping is born . Stereotyping of African Americans in the media has stemmed from how the media has presented African Americans to the world. There is a theory by George Gerbner that states, â€Å"Individuals who frequently watch high contents of television will begin to believe that they are living in a world similar to what is portrayed on the screen (Gerbner&Gross, 1976). It is the idea that whether something is being portrayed as negative or positive on television, most people will believe it. There is a fact which says that about six percent of African Americans are seen in comedies and dramas (Tosi 14). Within that category, they are mostly illustrated as being lazy, loud, uneducated and poor. For example, in movies like The Color Purple and shows like Good Times demonstrates negative perceptions of our race. On the other hand, shows like The Cosby show and Fresh prince of Bel Aire try and broaden the viewer’s idea of a typical â€Å"black† family.These shows highlight black pe ople living a very high class, educated, wealthy lifestyle. And so, as we see, the media ultimately controls how our race as they perceived, whether it is negative or positive. Since the media has a strong influence on the people’s perceptions of each other, they are the real deciding factor on how to solve the problem of stereotyping. We could possibly find solutions by matching every negative stereotype with a positive one, so that the good and bad cancel each other out.This is just a start; we want it so that when other cultures look at us, degrading stereotypes pertaining to our race will not come to mind. I believe we as inviduals also have the power to choose not to conform to our own stereotypes. Bordewich once said, â€Å" Only by abandoning many long-held, lovingly-held, myths and fantasies; we will become able to shape a healthy rational policy for people’s whose real life s far more complex and interesting, than our persistent fantasies. † So although the entertainment in the media may be interesting, we as a culture need to lead and be as catalyst in ending these demeaning stereotypes.Stereotypes can be good or bad, but given the evidence from my research on this topic, I can conclude that most African American stereotypes are negative. The way entertainment in the media portrays us has greatly affected how others identify us. Movies and shows like; Madea’s family Reunion, Bringing down the House, Love and Hip Hop, and Basketball Wives all portray us in a degrading way. People sometimes find it comical of course, but the fact that it is comical does not justify it being debasing. This image of us has evolved from things in the media, and its’ power to shape people’s idea of us.We as a race must stop living up to our stereotypes. As soon as we take action in not succumbing to our own stereotype, people will not think we are â€Å"Ghetto† or any other undignified term they think of us; therefore in the media we won’t be perceived in that way. As Colin Powell once said, â€Å"Fit no stereotypes. Don't chase the latest management fads. The situation dictates which approach best accomplishes the team's mission. † Although African American stereotyping is prevalent in the media now because of its’ entertaining quality; it perpetuates a cycle of harmful stereotypes.As long as this cycle continues, our culture will always be illustrated negatively. Works Cited Dixon, Travis L. â€Å"Network News And Racial Beliefs: Exploring The Connection Between National Television News Exposure And Stereotypical Perceptions Of African Americans. †Ã‚  Journal Of Communication  58. 2 (2008): 321-337. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012 Horton, Yurii, Eric Brown, and Raagen Price. â€Å"PORTRAYAL OF MINORITIES IN THE FILM, MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRIES. †Ã‚  PORTRAYAL OF MINORITIES IN THE FILM, MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRIES.Ethics of Development in a Global Environment (EDGE), 1 June 1999. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. . Retirethechief. â€Å"Stereotypes and Symbolism: Images Can Hurt. †Ã‚  Stereotypes and Symbolism: Images Can Hurt. RetireTheChief. org, May 2003. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. . Sanders, Meghan S. , and Srividya Ramasubramanian. â€Å"An Examination Of African Americans' Stereotyped Perceptions Of Fictional Media Characters. †Ã‚  Howard Journal Of Communications  23. (2012): 17-39. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Tosi, Paula. â€Å"Thinking About What We See: Using Media Literacy To Examine Images Of African Americans On Television. †Ã‚  Black History Bulletin  74. 1 (2011): 13-20. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Ramasubramanian, Srividya, and Mary Beth Oliver. â€Å"Activating And Suppressing Hostile And Benevolent Racism: Evidence For Comparative Media Stereotyping. †Ã‚  Media Psychology  9. 3 (2007): 623-646. Academic Search Premier. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. Moon J. Lee, Shannon L . Bichard, Meagan S. Irey, Heather M. Walt & Alana J.Carlson, (2009)Television Viewing and Ethnic Stereotypes: Do College Students Form Stereotypical Perceptions of Ethnic Groups as a Result of Heavy Television Consumption?. Howard Journal of Communications 20:1, pages 95-110. Bradley W. Gorham, (2006) News Media's Relationship With Stereotyping: The Linguistic Intergroup Bias in Response to Crime News. Journal of Communication 56:2, pages 289-308. C. Mo Bahk & Fred E. Jandt, (2004)  Being White in America: Development of a Scale. Howard Journal of Communications 15:1, pages 57-68. â€Å"Stereotypes In Media. †Ã‚  Stereotypes In Media. N. p. , n. d.Web. 19 Nov. 2012. . Monique Kloosterman, et al. â€Å"‘Shake It Baby, Shake It': Media Preferences, Sexual Attitudes And Gender Stereotypes Among Adolescents. †Ã‚  Sex Roles  63. 11/12 (2010): 844-859. Academic Search Premier. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. Hutchison, Phillip J. â€Å"Reexamining Jack Johnson, Stereotypes, A nd America's White Press, 1908–1915. †Ã‚  Howard Journal Of Communications23. 3 (2012): 215-234. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Nov. 2012 Pickering, Michael. â€Å"Sex In The Sun: Racial Stereotypes And Tabloid News.   Social Semiotics  18. 3 (2008): 363-375. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. Li Chen, et al. â€Å"Male Mammies: A Social-Comparison Perspective On How Exaggeratedly Overweight Media Portrayals Of Madea, Rasputia, And Big Momma Affect How Black Women Feel About Themselves. †Ã‚  Mass Communication & Society  15. 1 (2012): 115-135. Academic Search Premier. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. Hermes, Joke. â€Å"On Stereotypes, Media And Redressing Gendered Social Inequality. †Ã‚  Contemporary Readings In Law & Social Justice  2. 2 (2011): 181-187. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Nov. 2012.

Architecture Definition Includes Construction & Design

Architecture Definition Includes Construction & Design What is architecture?  The word architecture can have many meanings. Architecture can be both an art and a science, a process and a result, and both an idea and a reality. People often use the words architecture and design interchangeably, which naturally broadens the definition of architecture. If you can design your own career goals, arent you the architect of your own life?  It seems there are no easy answers, so we explore and debate the many definitions of architecture, design, and what architects and social scientists call the built environment. Definitions of Architecture Some people think architecture is like pornography - you know it when you see it. Everyone may have an opinion and an elegant (or self-serving) definition for architecture. From the Latin word architectura, the word we use describes the job of an architect. The ancient Greek arkhitekton was the chief builder or master technician of all craftsmen and artisans. So, what comes first, the architect or the architecture?   architecture 1. The art and science of designing and building structures, or large groups of structures, in keeping with aesthetic and functional criteria. 2. Structures built in accordance with such principles.- Dictionary of Architecture and Construction Architecture is the scientific art of making structure express ideas. Architecture is the triumph of human imagination over materials, methods, and men to put man into possession of his own earth. Architecture is mans great sense of himself embodied in a world of his own making. It may rise as high in quality only as its source because great art is great life. - Frank Lloyd Wright, from the Architectural Forum, May 1930 It is about creating buildings and spaces that inspire us, that help us do our jobs, that bring us together, and that become, at their best, works of art that we can move through and live in. And in the end, that is why architecture can be considered the most democratic of art forms. - 2011, President Barack Obama, Pritzker Architecture Prize Ceremony Speech Depending on the context, the word architecture can refer to any man-made building or structure, like a tower or monument; a man-made building or structure that is important, large, or highly creative; a carefully designed object, such as a chair, a spoon, or a tea kettle; a design for a large area such as a city, town, park, or landscaped gardens; the art or science of designing and building buildings, structures, objects, and outdoor spaces; a building style, method, or process; a plan for organizing space; elegant engineering; the planned design of any kind of system; a systematic arrangement of information or ideas; and the flow of information on a web page. Tensil Architecture at Denver International Airport. George Rose/Getty Images (cropped) Art, Architecture, and Design In 2005, the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude implemented an idea, an art installation in New York City called  The Gates in Central Park. Thousands of bright orange gates were placed throughout Central Park, the great landscape architecture of Frederick Law Olmsted, erected as designed by the artistic team. Of course, The Gates is art, because what else would it be? wrote art critic Peter Schjeldahl at the time. Art used to mean paintings and statues. Now it means practically anything human-made that is unclassifiable otherwise. The New York Times was more pragmatic in their review called Enough About Gates as Art; Lets Talk About That Price Tag. So, if a man-made design cant be classified, it must be art. But if its very, very expensive to create, how can it be simply art? Depending on your perspective, you might use the word architecture to describe any number of things. Which of these items might be called architecture - a circus tent; a sports stadium; an egg carton; a roller coaster; a log cabin; a skyscraper; a computer program; a temporary summer pavilion; a political campaign; a bonfire; a parking garage; an airport, bridge, train station, or your house? The list could go on forever. The Architecture of the Car Park, 2010, by Herzog de Meuron, 1111 Lincoln Road, Miami Beach, Florida. Roger Kisby/Getty Images What Does Architectural Mean? The adjective architectural can describe anything related to architecture and building design. Examples are abundant, including architectural drawings; architectural design; architectural styles; architectural modeling; architectural details; architectural engineering; architectural software; architectural historian or architectural history; architectural research; architectural evolution; architectural studies; architectural heritage; architectural traditions; architectural antiquities and architectural salvage; architectural lighting; architectural products; architectural investigation. Also, the word architectural can describe objects that have a strong shape or beautiful lines - an architectural vase; an architectural sculpture; an architectural rock formation; architectural drapery. Perhaps it is this use of the word architectural that has muddied the waters of defining architecture. When Does a Building Become Architecture? The land is the simplest form of architecture, wrote American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), implying that the built environment is not exclusively man-made. If true, are the birds and the bees and all builders of natural habitats considered architects - and are their structures architecture? Architect and journalist Roger K. Lewis (b. 1941) writes that societies tend to value most a structure that transcends service or functional performance and that are more than mere buildings. Great architecture, writes Lewis, has always represented more than responsible construction or durable shelter. Artfulness of form and artistry of building have long been the dominant standards for measuring the extent to which human made artifacts are transformed from the profane to the sacred. Frank Lloyd Wright claims that this artistry and beauty can only come from the human spirit. Mere building may not know spirit at all, Wright wrote in 1937. And it is well to say that the spirit of the thing is the essential life of that thing because it is truth. To Wrights thinking, a beaver dam, a beehive, and a birds nest may be beautiful, lower forms of architecture, but the great fact is this - architecture is simply a higher type and expression of nature by way of human nature where human beings are concerned. The spirit of man enters into all, making of the whole a godlike reflection of himself as creator. Apple Headquarters Designed by Norman Foster in Cupertino, California. Justin Sullivan/Getty Images So, What Is Architecture? Architecture is an art bridging the humanities and the sciences, says American architect Steven Holl (b. 1947). We work bone-deep in Art - drawing lines between sculpture, poetry, music and science that coalesce in Architecture. Since the licensing of architects, these professionals have defined themselves and what they do. This hasnt stopped anyone and everyone else from having an opinion with no one architecture definition. Sources Gutheim, Frederick ed. Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940). Grossets Universal Library, 1941, p. 141Harris, Cyril M. ed. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. McGraw- Hill, 1975, p. 24Holl, Steven. Five Minute Manifesto. AIA Gold Medal Ceremony, Washington, D.C. May 18, 2012 Lewis, Roger K. Introduction. Master Builders, Diane Maddex ed., National Trust for Historic Preservation, Wiley Preservation Press, 1985, p. 8McIntire, Mike. Enough About Gates as Art; Lets Talk About That Price Tag. The New York Times, March 5, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/03/05/nyregion/enough-about-gates-as-art-lets-talk-about-that-price-tag.htmlSchjeldahl, Peter. Gated. The New Yorker, February 28, 2005, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/02/28/gatedWright, Frank Lloyd. The Future of Architecture. New American Library, Horizon Press, 1953, pp. 41, 58-59

Ateneo Personal Essay Essay Essay Example

Ateneo Personal Essay Essay Essay Example Ateneo Personal Essay Essay Essay Ateneo Personal Essay Essay Essay Eleanor Hibbert one time wrote â€Å" if it’s good. it’s wonderful. If it’s bad. it’s experience. † We must bear in head that all our experiences in life. our achievements and errors. every individual individual we have encountered. and every decoration and cicatrix we have are the grounds why we are who we are today. Every experience. no affair how fiddling or huge. is important. For what I am now. I owe to these experiences. Equally early as the fifth class. I have already developed my passion for service. I wanted to fall in our school’s student authorities really much. that’s why I started running as a category representative. a P. I. O. . a secretary. and in conclusion as a vice-president. I obtained these places non because I was popular but because of my willingness to function. I am privileged to hold served the school organic structure for about six old ages. This has taught me to make my responsibilities and undertakings good. to care for the public assistance of others. and it taught me to be able to take towards the greater good. Having been entrusted with duties was one of the experiences that helped to specify me as a individual. Through the old ages. I discovered and enhanced my endowments. I had the passion towards art. where they say I inherited from my male parent. who is really artistic. Doodling on every empty topographic point on whatever paper I could acquire on my custodies. Sketching and Painting was my favourite. I cherished every minute of our art category. because it’s good to hold a clip for creativeness. I discovered that I could play the piano. I was able to show myself in the music that I make and it was the mercantile establishment of my feelings. When I entered high school. I expected everything to be fun and unworried. but I was incorrectly. This was the clip for me to work even harder in order to accomplish what I want. because everyone else is seeking their best. It truly is difficult to be an winner when you are surrounded with many other winners. I struggled with heavy work burden. but through this. I developed the attitude to maintain on seeking and making my best. High school for me was besides a phase of self-discovery. It awoke me to stand out academically. mature emotionally. and detect my individuality as portion of my household. But religion and holding a healthy relationship with God was the strongest factor in specifying myself. Trusting Him makes me confident with the jobs I may confront. And I will neer acquire tired of idolizing Him. I have had the ups and downs in my life. and God was at that place to steer me and protect me. His program has given me the best position. Life has non truly been all that bad since it has besides blessed me with minutes of pure joy and felicity. Life taught me to keep on and to believe in something even though the odds are against me. Everyday had been the clip of my life. This essay made me look back to those 14 old ages. I admit that I had a difficult clip specifying myself as a individual but I have one time once more set all my attempt and did my best. Through this essay. I realized my intent in this life. I now know my topographic point in this world- to make my best in whatever function I play - as a friend. as a pupil. as a girl and in all things. as a Christian. I was true and blunt and I hope I made myself known. This is who I am. This is Stephanie Joy Cea. an aspirant Atenista.

Depression Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Depression Review - Article Example This study wanted to provide the relationship between functional social support (FSS) and psychological capital (PC), with anxiety and stress symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The study says that it is very beneficial to employ PLWHA since through employment they get salary and wages that they use to improve the quality of their life, they become happier and they can go to hospital to be treated whenever they feel sick. For those who are not employed and are living with HIV/AIDS, they cannot have a quality life, they cannot be happy and they lack the money to use for treatment whenever they are sick. Even though benefits that are gained from the employment of PLWHA, there a lot of unemployment cases in the world. The main reason for this is psychological distress, mental, physical and other factors of social life and population (Liu et al., 326). When we talk of spiritual capital (PC), we just mean such things like efficacy, believing in a positive future and resilience that are beneficial in praising the performance of workers and congratulating them. We also considering whether or not they are getting satisfied at their place of work. In this article, the researcher conducted a cross-section survey in Liaoning Province which has a population of 43 million people between the month of December in the year 2010 and the month of April in the year 2011. In this sample, there were 360 persons living with HIV/AIDS and were fully employed, between 18 and 16 years of age. The two strategies that could help in gathering data were giving out questionnaires to the sample and the application of informed consent. After distributing out the questionnaire, 320 were fully filled, and they were analyzed and later results were released. In the process of conducting analysis, those concepts and methods that were used are Pearson’s correlation,

Theories of Political economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories of Political economy - Essay Example This determines the fact that only a majority of choices (or greater purchasing power) will support the existence of a commodity in a market. Democracy demands that the choices of all consumers must be enforced, and also maintains the representation of minorities. However, free market economy does not support minorities because its terms are dependent on greater numbers and purchasing power. If a minority lacks any of these factors it suffers from free market economy and inherently rules out the effect of democracy in the same scenario. Secondly the 'trickle-down effect' is another product of joint democracy and free market economy. The rich earn the purchasing power to have the most desirable and newest innovations until diminishing marginal utility lowers its demand. Eventually its cost falls and reaches to minorities which eventually satisfies democratic movement as well. For example, automobiles that have depreciated over 5 years are sent to third world countries, reconditioned but not valid for their home country. Or majorities that cannot afford electric automobiles are compelled to purchase ones that run with gasoline, which is much more expensive in long term. Democracy would demand equal right and chance for communities to avail a new product/technology, but it is these situations that undermine democratic institutions. This cannot be regulated since it would require democratic institutions to control demand and supply, which is highly unfavorable for a free market economy. Instead a free market economy ta kes support from an 'invisible hand' which comes in the form of trickle-down effect. Democracy is an illusion in itself for workers and labor. Governments provide a legal infrastructure, stable currency, educated workforce and law enforcement. As there is a requirement for more workforces, Government arranges for that requirement through their own public establishments. Therefore, as free market suggests 'let the forces of demand and supply decide', ultimately it is the corporations that decide how much to pay for labor and how to trade. Hence markets are created by the government; it is the government alone that authorizes organizations to exist. Throughout this process, there is no enforcement of democracy, even in the manner of strong labor unions; there is mostly an upper hand of corporations because it is they who form industry norms. Democracy cannot lead to elimination of free market economy because it itself is thriving on free market practice. Major ameliorative institutions from Medicaid and Social Security in the US are running from this mechanism. Capitalist system creates better societies for the affluent because they pay higher taxes, such as free market economy supports, and likewise for less established societies despite support of democratic government. Free market is a powerful influence that motivates entrepreneurs and enterprising people to work harder and perform more. Elimination of free market would backfire through the channel of democratic approach. Question 5 The question of whether the two seemingly contradictory positions of Marx's argument about labor and freedom is a question of ends. Working for economic ends has always been a commonplace since the advent of industrial capitalism. The European work ethic

MRP3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MRP3 - Essay Example (ii) On the other hand, the fact those most male students often engage in Binge drinking leads to higher negative responses being expected. This leads to the findings that more male students like Binge drinking. Crego, A. et.at (2009). Binge SDrinking Affects Attentional and Visual Working Memory Processing in Young University Students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 33(11), p. 1970 – 1879. Labrie, J.; Pedersen, E.; Tobyf, L. & Lane, B. (2006). Heads Up! A Nested Intervention With FreshMen Male College Students and the Broader Campus Community to Promote Responsible Drinking. Journal of American College Health, Vol. 54(5), p. 301 – 304. *LaBrie, J. W et al. (2011). Protective behavioral strategies mediate the effect of drinking motives on alcohol use among heavy drinking college students: Gender and race differences. Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 36(4), p. 354 – 361. Felicia, D.S.; Jack, D.; Francis, D.K. & Mark, G.S. (2005). Binge Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Community College Students: Implications for Prevention Policy, Journal of American College Health, Vol.54 (3), p.137 -141 Kristins, V. et al. (2004). Binge Drinking in Female College Students: The Association of Physical Activity, Weight Concern and Depressive Symptoms. Journal of American College health, Vol.53 (3), p.133 –

Existentialism is a Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism is a Humanism Essay In Existentialism is a Humanism, Sartre explains that in human beings, â€Å"existence precedes essence. † Meaning, humans are created without any purpose, but with growth and maturing they find their purpose. J. P. Sartre gives the example of the paper clip, noting that this inanimate object was created with the intent of a purpose. Therefore, that idea lead to it’s creation. He uses this example to demonstrate â€Å" essence precedes existence. † He states, â€Å" man is nothing else, but what he makes of himself. † Simply put, us as humans are first born than we create our own paths in our lives and who we shall be in life. This explains that through our actions and decisions we make in our lives, molds us into the beings we become. Further mentioning that we are the choices we make, are we responsible for who are as individuals because of that. Sartre goes on to say there are two kinds of existentialists. One of them being Christians, Catholics, or people who believe in God. As well as atheistic existentialists who do not believe in God such as himself. However, one thing they share is both groups believe in the idea of â€Å" existence precedes essence. † But, those who believe in God believes God was a superior power who created people with a purpose, which ties into the idea of the paper clip. With that being said, though men has diverse traits and characteristics, they share the same basic qualities because if human nature. On the other hand, the atheistic view believes God is nonexistent and a man starts as nothing and later defines himself. Therefore, Sartre states, â€Å"There is no determinism, man is free, man is freedom†¦. We have no values or commands to turn to which legitimize our conduct. † In other words, we have no excuses, and we are entirely responsible for our decisions. Therefore, there is no God to provide guidance on the proper way to live and we must find that out through our choices. He goes on the idea of subjectivism, saying that one man’s acts creates the image of every man as a whole. Which, develops the idea of what men ought to be as individuals. Sartre also replies that, â€Å"it is impossible for man to transcend human subjectivity. † He isn’t saying â€Å"I prefer subjectivity over objectivity,† he’s asking, â€Å"how can we possibly not be subjective? † Even the religious individual who believes that morality is absolute and comes from God must, at some point, choose to believe that this is the case. Our responsibility is a blessing and a curse. It leads us to feel things like anguish and despair. We experience anguish in the face of our subjectivity, because by choosing what we are to do, we â€Å"choose for everyone†. When you make a decision you are saying â€Å"this is how anyone ought to behave given these circumstances. † Many people don’t feel anguish, but this is because they are â€Å"fleeing from it. † If you don’t feel a sense of anxiety when you make decisions, it’s because you are forgetting about your â€Å"total and deep responsibility† toward yourself and all of humanity. Despair arises because we only have power to change things that are within our power to change, and there is a lot we cannot change. With that being said, reality is unbiased and out of our control, except for small aspects of it here and there. We despair because we can never have full control of the future. However, we are the rulers of our lives, we take the responsibility of our actions and ourselves in general. Regardless of what you believe, this cannot be any other way.