Monday, May 25, 2020

The United States Is A Nation Of Immigrants - 995 Words

First, when speaking of diversity many people tend to refer the word to race, so the definition of race and it’s explanation should be known, (McNamara, Burns) explains that race has voluminous meanings, confusing many people in the real use of the expression. The biological definition would explain that it’s genetically alignment with distinctive gene frequencies with hereditary characteristics. The simple answer, we can see the differences between people of different races (McNamara Burns, 2009). Seems like such a simple definition for such a complex problem within our society within the world today. However, diversity is very important to the way of life within the United States, it is important to remember is the United States is a nation of immigrants, that’s what ultimately made this land we all love the special place it is today. In researching this question it was discovered that one could make the assumption that the United States would be the largest nation with the largest population of immigrants. In reviewing the article Nations of Immigrants: Do Words Matter? It was discovered that wasn’t so. The instructor posed a serious question to his class to get his point across within this area, â€Å" what country in the world year 2000 had the highest proportion of foreigners living on its national territory†? I found the answer really amazing, it wasn’t the United States, it was the United Arab Emirates, then Switzerland, and the United States didn’t even makeShow MoreRelatedThe United States : A Nation Of Immigrants1434 Words   |  6 Pagesthat all of us, and you and I especially, are descended from immigrants and revolutionists.† –Franklin D. Roosevelt Just under a million immigrants arrive in the United States each year. For this reason, the United States has often been called a nation of immigrants. The United States in a way is a melting pot for so many different cultures, religions and even races in the world (Scheuerer, 2012). These immigrants come to this nation wanting a chance at a better life; others are refugees whom areRead MoreThe United States Is The Nation Of Immigrants876 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States is the nation of immigrants. Everyone living in the United States has migrated here, whether it was 10 years ago, 100 years ago, or 10,000 years ago. Migrations can take place for many reasons, the main reasons being the search for a better life, escape from poor conditions or as captives. We all have stories that branch out to other homes outside of this country. Some stories are untold and will forever be hidden; like the story of my father. My father passed away eight years agoRead MoreThe United States is a Nation of Immigrants Essays1658 Words   |  7 Pages Today the United States of America is regarded as a global economic leader. The standard of living in the U.S. is higher than that of most other nations. Our nation is considered an economic super-power. Economic needs have often caused Americans to seek immigrants as workers, and economic opportunities have attracted foreigners. The United States is a nation of immigrants. Our nation has been shaped by successive waves of immigrants who have played major roles in our changing economy. TheRead MoreA Nation Of Immigrants And The United States Of America2299 Words   |  10 PagesA NATION OF IMMIGRANTS The Ways that Immigration has Shaped and Benefited the United States of America Scott Williams US History Plato Unit Activity Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free... -- Emma Lazarus (from the poem The New Colossus) These words by Emma Lazarus, inscribed on a plaque on the Statue of Liberty, strike a chord of yearning for freedom in the minds of suffering yet hopeful people, and invoke a picture of the United States meeting the immigrantRead MoreCities, Immigrants, And The Nation1290 Words   |  6 PagesCities, Immigrants, and the Nation The history of America has been associated with immigration. In fact, the population of America is believed to be highly dominated by immigrants. The topic of immigrants in the United Sates is crucial even in the present situation. There are mixed reactions on the best way to deal with the issue of immigration, especially in the political front. Immigration in the United States is quite extensive and began long time ago. This essay will address the American ImmigrationRead MoreImmigration : An Influential Aspect Of American History1172 Words   |  5 Pagesimmigration has been a constant and significant force in the country. From the early beginnings of the nation in the seventeenth century to the present day, millions of people, from a variety of different and distinct nations and cultures, made the great journey to the United States to pursue greater economic and social opportunities. Immigration has been an influential aspect of American history. These immigrants have enhanced an d contributed greatly to the fabric and the story of America. They have broughtRead MoreEssay about English Must be the Official Language in America994 Words   |  4 Pages The United States of America has instituted many rights to its citizens, which were issued in the bill of rights they are the first ten amendments. The first amendment mentions the free exercise clause, freedom of speech and of press, and by interpreting it says that congress cannot make any laws constricting to a established religion or prohibiting the free exercise. Because of the interpretation of the first amendment immigrants believe that they may come to the United States and maintainRead MoreThe Official Definition Of Illegal Is â€Å"Contrary To Or Forbidden1517 Words   |  7 Pagesillegal is â€Å"contrary to or forbidden by law†. The definition of an Immigrant is â€Å"an individual who comes to live permanently in a foreign country†. Therefore Illegal Immigrants are foreigners who enter another country, the United States of America, without a Visa. They cross the border by avoiding inspection and overstay the allotted period of time allowed as a visitor, tourist, or businessperson. There are 12 million illegal immigrants in America today. How is the possible if it is illegal? And moreRead MorePersuasive Essay On Illegal Immigration1260 Words   |  6 Pagesissue in the United States for many years, especially illegal immigration. This term can be defined as the act of immigrating, which means to move to another country where you were not born in, or which you are not a native of, and use this new country as a permanent residence. Majority of immigrants believe that the United States is possibly the best place to be. Due to the lack of freedom, protection, and benefits within other countries, these factors are very important for immigrants who desireRead MoreHow Can America Become A Better Immigrant Nation?1245 Words   |  5 PagesHow Can America Become a Better Immigrant Nation Again? It has become evident to many that the American economy is declining in recent years. Journalists are pointing out that one of the reasons why it got weaker is due to a failed immigration system and outdated policies towards illegal immigrants. For instance, Fareed Zakaria from Time magazine says, although America was once considered an example to many other immigrant nations, it is now falling behind some of them in terms of immigration-related

Friday, May 15, 2020

Desegregation Of The United States - 1720 Words

The education system in the United States has gone through many changes spanning all the way from the 1800’s to today. The integration of other races and cultures into our schools have played in integral part in the historical development of the U.S. educational system. It has also allowed more access to all students to experience education. The desegregation of schools also started the conversation about allowing Blacks to have equal access to the same water fountains, public transportation, restrooms, and public spaces, as Whites. It is important to note the differences between desegregation and integration. The distinction between these two terms are crucial because in the constitution law the Supreme Court has never enforced integration, but does prohibit segregation. Desegregation is defined as â€Å"provisions articulated in law or practice that eliminate the isolation of members of a particular group into separate functional units† (ASHE Higher Education Report p.12). Integration is the incorporation of individuals and groups as equals into society. Desegregation had to take place before integration could even begin to become a proposal. During the mid to late 1800’s there were several laws and court cases taking place which slowly led up to the gradual start of the desegregation movement. Black education in the South was virtually nonexistent before the Civil War and very limited in Northern states. Once the civil war ended, the Thirteenth Amendment was passed andShow MoreRelatedThe Desegregation Of The United States1633 Words   |  7 Pages In the 1970’s desegregation was a main concern and differences in the quality of education based on socioeconomic factors became apparent. Brown v. Board of Education deemed it harmful to African Americans to be segregated. Integration of public schools did not happen until Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education. The ruling of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education mandated school districts to bus students to different schools so integration would be possible (Wilson). PresidentRead MoreThe Desegregation Of The United States791 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowed by President Reagan who epitomizes conservatism. Reagan guts the integration busing fund and tells black families that their children would be better off attending their segregated neighborhood schools, which was not factually proven. Desegregation had actually been shown to be greatly beneficial to the minority students and minimally detrimental to the white students. Nixon makes deal with South Carolina Sen. Strom Thurmond to stem the tide of integration as much as possible in exchangeRead MoreThe Desegregation Of The United States Supreme Court Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe School Desegregation Decision of the United States Supreme Court signified the end of a clashing national minority game plan - heightened of a total of parts in perspective of two incongruent sorts of human affiliation and control, greater part manage government and white supremacy. In pivoting Plessy v. Ferguson it, basically, signified the legitimate end to required restriction of one social affair of subjects from another with no attempt at being subtle workplaces essentially because ofRead MoreEssay on desegregation historiography1258 Words   |  6 Pagespeople of the United States. They wrote about freedom and equality for men, but historically it has not been practiced. In the twentieth century large steps have been made to make the United States practice the i deals declared in the Constitution and Bill of Rights. The major changes following Rosa Park’s refusal to give up her bus seat to a young white man and the Brown v. Board of Education trial in 1954. These Supreme Court rulings altered American society and began the desegregation and integrationRead MoreHow Racism Impacted The Game Of Baseball And The Lives Of African Americans Essay896 Words   |  4 PagesHow Racism Effected the Game of Baseball and the Lives of African Americans Introduction Racial tension has been around since the foundation of the United States. The climax of racism in the United States started near the twentieth century (PBS, 2003). The south had many racial segregation laws and restrictions. Black men were victims of propaganda and were thought as ravening beasts lusting after white women (PBS, 2003). This was a tactic used to justify lynching. African Americans had to constantlyRead MoreRacism And Discrimination During The Civil War1690 Words   |  7 PagesRacism and discrimination in the United States has been a major issue since the colonial and slavery era. White Americans were given privileges like voting rights, education, full citizenship, influential political power, and etc. whereas those same privileges were not granted to African Americans and other persons of color. After the Civil War, the 13th Amendment in 1865, legally abolished slavery and that is where the start of racial tensions began. Many things like grandfather clauses, lyn chingRead More(Final Draft). . Brown V. Board Of Education. . . . . .1660 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced American segregation, because unlike other instances of desegregation, it overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, ended school segregation, and progressed the civil rights movement. Overturned Plessy V. Ferguson What caused Brown V. Board of Education What is Plessy V. Ferguson How the Brown decision overturned the Plessy decision Ended school segregation What was school segregation Resulting decision on school segregation Desegregation Began the civil rights movement What was the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreJudicial Process Research Paper1738 Words   |  7 PagesBoard of Education adopted the plan by a vote of four to two. The plan was approved by the Michigan Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. It was then endorsed by other national and local agencies and organizations such as the United States Office of Education. Following the adoption of the plan, Detroit School officials began to prepare procedures to carry it into effect at the beginning of the 1970-1971 school year. The Michigan Legislature enacted, and the Governor of MichiganRead MoreSummary And Decision. In A Unanimous Decision On May 17,996 Words   |  4 PagesVirginia, and District of Columbia) asserted complaints of inadequate conditions in black schools and sought admission to public schools in their community that were presently reserved for white students. Each of these jurisdictions fought for desegregation as a way to obtain equal educational opportunities for students of color. In the Brown case, the court ruled in favor of educational equality and found separation of black students to be unconstitutional, as it violated the equal protection clauseRead MoreSwann v. Charlotte935 Words   |  4 Pagesactually been done to desegregate public schools. Brown v. Board of Education ordered the end to separate but equal and the desegregation of public schools; however, the court provided no direction for the implementation of its decision. Authority was pushed to the Attorney Generals of each state to create and submit plans to proceed with desegregation. Southern states were against the court’s decision and many refused to pass any new legislation. Swann sued the Board of Education in Charlotte

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

International Adoption - 1992 Words

Running head: INTERNATIONAL AND INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTION International and Intercountry Adoption The University of Akron International and Intercountry Adoption The birth of a child represents a milestone in the life of families. For those who are not able to conceive a child by natural means, adoption often comes as an alternative and rewarding way to build a family and fulfill individuals’ desire to experience parenthood. Whether for biological or personal reasons, many have taken the path to adoption despite the fact that they are able to have their own biological child. Others have taken this remarkable road based on values or altruism. Whatever the reason, family dynamics change with the arrival of a child and counseling poses†¦show more content†¦At times families wish to adopt from the country of the family’s own ethnic origin, or they may be familiar with others who have successfully adopted overseas. The research also suggests that the major reason families choose to adopt international is the manner in which most international adoptions are conducted; a process that minimizes the threat that a child could be offered to potential parents and then withdrawn. International birth parents transfer their parental rights to a third-party adoption agency or orphanage before the adoptive parents get involved in the process. This may not be the case with domestic adoptions, mainly when a child is expected, but not yet born. Birth parents may change their minds about adopting out their child during the period before the adoption is finalized (Fain, n.d., http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Pros-And-Cons-Of-International-Adoptionamp;id=533106). Thus, one can conclude that this can be a terrifying prospect for would-be-parents to contemplate, and adoptive parents who wish to reduce this possibility may prefer international adoption or may otherwise work only to identify candidate children who have already been placed in an orphanage or foster program. In addition, some adoptive parents find that international restrictions on who may adopt (with regard to age, finances, etc.) may be less severe, making it more likely theirShow MoreRelatedInternational Adoption Essays1129 Words   |  5 Pagesconditions are worse for orphans overseas, but I still believe that International Adoption should be banned because it cost substantially less to adopt domestically, there are numerous orphans here in America needing a home and family, and its very hard on a child when he or she is asked move to America and have to adapt to a completely different society. One of the many things people don’t realize when they think of international adoption is the cost or debt it could put them in. It is on average doubleRead MoreInternational Adoption Crisis Should Not Be A Viable Adoption1257 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Adoption Crisis The image of an American family has changed dramatically over the last fifty years. American families are no longer modeled after the Cleavers. International adoption has contributed to this changing family view, bringing in children who are not biologically related to their parents and often of a different race. This new American image has helped eliminate race related issues. So, what is the controversy with international adoption? Children are the future of a country;Read MoreAdoption, Domestic And International Adoption Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pageschildren, but what are other options? Adoption gets helpless children out of the foster care system, but having their own child gives them a better connection. Three reasons why parents should adopt is because it helps get kids out of foster care, adopted families have all the same rights as families formed from birth, and adopting a child helps parents start a family if they can’t get pregnant. Although some people think th at having their own child is better, adoption is better because it gives childrenRead MoreInternational Adoption Should Not Be A Viable Adoption Source1233 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Cleavers. International adoption has contributed to this changing family view, bringing in children who are not biologically related to their parents and often of a different race. This new American image has helped to reduce race related issues. Children are the future of a country. If a country is losing their children to international adoption; the county is losing the gifts and talents that are irreplaceable in those children. Intercountry adoption should not be a viable adoption source becauseRead More International Adoption Essay example1739 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Adoption      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When a mission team from south Florida arrived in Camp Haitia, they saw what to them was the most poverty stricken land on earth. Some of the men were literally ill at the sight of the filth in the rivers, on the land, and covering the children. Because Haiti is one of the poorest nations in the world, families do not even have enough to provide for their children, and many of them are left to fend for themselves. The mission team witnessed them bathing in pollutedRead MoreInternational Adoptions Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION The number of international adoptions taking place in the United States is steadily increasing. Many people looking to start a family in the United States are turning to international adoptions because the process is easier than adopting within this country. However, many of these adoptive parents are not ready for the challenges of adopting a child from another country. Not only are the adoptive parents and the children at different levels of readiness to attach but the child is forcedRead More International Adoption Essay1791 Words   |  8 PagesThe necessity of adoption in the world is astounding. Currently, there is an estimated 143 million orphans worldwide (Wingert, vol.151). As of 2007, there were 513,000 children living in foster care within the United States alone (Rousseau 21:14). International adoption in the United States was jumpstarted post World War II as a way of helping those children who were left homeless, after war had taken their parents. Although there are th ousands of healthy children awaiting adoption in the United StatesRead MoreEssay on International Adoption5139 Words   |  21 Pagesbuckets of water have been commonplace for centuries. Now, however, as a direct result of the one-child policy, the number of baby girls being abandoned, aborted, or dumped on orphanage steps is unprecedented. Adopting Internationally Adoption is procedure by which people legally assume the role of parents for a person who is not their biological child. Adopted children become full members of their adopted family and have the same legal status as biological children. Although theRead MoreEssay International Adoption1777 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿International Adoption The  necessity  of adoption in the world is astounding. Currently, there is an estimated 143 million orphans worldwide (Wingert, vol.151). As of 2007, there were 513,000 children living in  foster care  within the United States alone (Rousseau 21:14).International adoption  in the United States was jumpstarted post World War II as a way of helping those children who were left homeless, after war had taken their parents. Although there are thousands of healthy  children awaitingRead MoreThe Genesis Of International And Intercontinental Adoption785 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper sees the sights the genesis of international or intercontinental adoption in U.S. martial intercession, predominantly the Korean War and its consequences. Keeping focus on the concealed statistics in Korean adoption research, the prostitute and her biracial kid, this article tends to recast armed camp-town in Southern Korea as the original situate of communal casualty, an essential situation that causes to be biracial children homeless and their respective Korean mothers attenuate mothers

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Specialty Practice for Labor and Delivery Nurses- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSpecialty Practice for Labor and Delivery Nurses. Answer: Nursing specialists play a significant role in managing patients suffering from both acute and chronic illnesses. Nurse specialists are required to be registered nurses with high standards of clinical prowess and ought to have diverse skills and knowledge to expand their practices. Notably, a registered nurse profession comes along with significant responsibilities and complexities. Labor and delivery nurse specialists play a more significant role in caring for women during delivery. They take care of the newly born offspring; treat the various complications among the women who have delivered as well as the babies (Shields, 2013). This group of nurse specialists possesses brilliant quick decision-making skills and critical thinking. They help in educating mothers and families for the phases of giving birth and assist a patient with breastfeeding guidelines instantaneously after childbirth. Labor and delivery nurses care for females during childbirth and labor. They monitor the baby a s well as the mother and coach the mothers on best practices. Theyassist mothers with gynecologic care and contraceptive control. In the same token, the labor and delivery nurses maintain safe working environment and hygiene in acquiescence with the health care measures. They also research to improve the healthcare outcome and nursing practices. Conspicuously, labor and delivery nurses aid in bringing individuals to the globe every day, therefore, require multifaceted skills and advanced level of education to carry out their duties effectively. There have been several advances over the years toconsiderably improve nurse's safety. Healthcare personnel are being confronted with job risks such as blood borne pathogens. A healthy nurse is defined as one who enthusiastically focuses on maintaining and establishing a balance as well as a synergy of emotional, intellectual, and physical health. One of the ways through which healthcare facilities may keep empathy fatigue from occurring includes ensuring that workers aid program is put in place. According to Lim, Bogossian Ahern (2010), the team ought to come in after a traumatic scenario to assist workers to deal with the experience and debrief, because if debriefing is not put in position, cumulative effect might exist, and the nurse may burn out so nippily. Subsequently, reducing burnout may encompass a passage of national law which would need health care facilities to offer minimum nursing staffing consistently (Trinkoff et al. 2008). It is important to note that the nurses oper ate under a code of conduct which requires them to consolidate patient confidentiality, offer quality care, and treat the patients with a lot of dignity. Online Module Two Carers play a vital role in the healthcare sector and ought to be appropriately supported and recognized, and the government ought to play its part in this. According to Herring (2007), carers are persons who look after a friend or relative who require support due to mental illness, physical disability, and age. The carers play a significant role in offering information to the healthcare personnel; however, they have been ignored in the decision-making process, and they have no legal directive presently. In spite of the joys which caring provide, itcarries with it substantial demerits, for example, the caring team experience social exclusion and isolation, from failing to recognize their essential roles in the society. Carers habitually suffer poverty after retiring and feel depression, anxiety, stress as well as lack of sleep because of caring all the time. Legislation should be done to pass specific acts which will require particular attention to be paid to the caring teams wish fo r leisure, training, learning, and employment opportunities. Lovatt et al. (2015), advocates that carers should have the right to vouchers, direct payment, and support services. It is significant to put in place policy and legal framework which recognize the vital role of individuals who support and care for lives of persons with various disabilities. Gold, Philip, McIver, and Komesaroff (2009), argue that patients right to privacy is quite fundamental in health care since the medical practitioners assume the responsibility of a guardian. Nonetheless, as a patients health deteriorates, doctors are repeatedly confronted by the prerequisite of protecting patients privacy whereas addressing the patients expectations. The physicians may find themselves between a rock and a hard place regarding the patients information. In this regards, the carer act as an intermediary between the patient and the physician by conveying the patients progress. The partnership amid patients, their carers, and medical practitioners within the modern healthcare aid in quality service delivery. Mason, Laurie, and Smith (2013) advocate that having the carers in the healthcares law and ethics would enable the caring team to undertake their responsibilities without experiencing any fatigue due to long working hours. The law and ethics would be able to distingui sh and specify the realm of the carers, and they will feel motivated in their undertakings to provide services for the patients. The ethics law would also curtail some of the bad experiences patients always receive from their carers as a result of diverse beliefs, customs, and traditions. Online Module 3 The perception and comprehension of dying, illness, health as well as the experience of anyones death is a personal stuff, and the connotation a personality attributes to it differs from individual to individual. As a nurse, it is essential to understand that various persons view the mentioned experiences and concepts in a multiplicity of ways, and some of the ideas can consternate us as nurses. My experience regarding health, illness, dying, death, and disease are socially established based on diets, injuries, culture, environment, and gender issues within the health care. Some deaths occur due to bladder cancers in women while others occur due to terminal illness. A terminally sick person passes many phases of emotional acceptance whereas in the dying process. Firstly, there is isolation and denial followed by resentment and anger after which the individual craves to escape the inexorable. As a nurse, I believe that every individual has a right to life, therefore, must get quality healthcare services to continue with life. A lot of people believe that the spread of illnesses is highly expedited by ethnic beliefs as well as the socioeconomic status of persons. Some people also believe that the current technologies result in chronic diseases such as cardiac arrest. Dying patients should seek resuscitation if possible to help save their lives. In the same token, consumption of hard drugs such as cigarettes has also led to several diseases such as cancer (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). People fail to acknowledge the side effects of such substances and spread them to others. Many women also do have miscarriages due to smoking. It, therefore, goes without saying that some of the illnesses are brought by human beings themselves. Healthy living is an essential aspect since it helps in shunning wastage of resources in hospitals due to treatment. According to Kim (2017), death is a painful process which should only come naturally but not because of diseases which can be prevented by individual human beings. Societies and families do not experience happiness when their member is sick or dead. Remarkably, dying, illness and death have become normal nowadays because of failure to adhere to healthcare principles. Individuals take part in activities which are deemed dangerous, therefore, deteriorating their health, causing diseases, and eventually leading to death. My perception and experience in regards to illnesses, dying, and death is emotional since it pains me when a patient loses a life on my watch. References Gold, M., Philip, J., McIver, S., Komesaroff, P. A. (2009). Between a rock and a hard place: exploring the conflict between respecting the privacy of patients and informing their carers. Internal Medicine Journal, 39(9) Herring, J. (2007). Where are the carers in healthcare law and ethics?.Legal Studies,27(1), 51-73. Kim, Y. J. (2017). A Study on the Types of Perception of Death among Korean Elders by Using Q Methodology. International Information Institute (Tokyo). Information, 20(1A), 229. Lim, J., Bogossian, F., Ahern, K. (2010).Stress and coping in Australian nurses: a systematic review.International Nursing Review,57(1 ) Lovatt, M., Nanton, V., Roberts, J., Ingleton, C., Noble, B., Pitt, E., ...Munday, D. (2015). The provision of emotional labour by health care assistants caring for dying cancer patients in the community: A qualitative study into the experiences of health care assistants and bereaved family carers. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(1), 271-279. Mason, K., Laurie, G., Smith, A. M. (2013).Mason and McCall Smith's law and medical ethics.Oxford University Press. Plank, A., Mazzoni, V., Cavada, L. (2012).Becoming a caregiver: new family carers' experience during the transition from hospital to home. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 21(13/14), 2072- Shields, L. (2013).A personal essay on the role of the nurse.Contemporary nurse,43(2), 213-218. Trinkoff, A. M.,Geiger-Brown, J. M.,Caruso, C. C.,Lipscomb, J. A.,Johantgen, M.Nelson, A. L., ...Selby, V. L.(2008).Personal safety for nurses.In R. G. Hughes (Ed.).,Patient Safety and Quality: an Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses(pp. 1-36). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). US Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The health consequences of smoking50 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 17.