As We Advanced From The 20Th Century To The 21St Century

As we advanced from the 20th century to the 21st century many of our ideas, outlooks, and information we knew about the world changed and progressed greatly. This is also true for how we as a civilization viewed management, progressed and continued to progress in bettering our management practices. This book analyzes old and new assumptions of management practices along with the reality that comes with the new strategies. The author also describes that as we go through these changes a leader that knows how to work with change is important to have to get passed the many information challenges. Drucker then describes that as the organizations change it is important that individuals within the organization also change to help reach maximum†¦show more content†¦Since the discipline behind management is always changing so are the assumptions that come with it. Drucker First lists 7 old assumptions of management, which are: 1. Management Is Business Management 2. There is – or there must be- one right organization structure. 3. There is – or there must be- one right way to manage people. 4. Technologies, markets and end-users are given 5. Management’s scope is legally defined. 6. Management is internally focused. 7. The economy as defined by national boundaries is the ecology of enterprise and management. Ducker goes on to explain that the first three assumptions are related to the discipline of management while the last 4 are related to the practice of management itself. He also points out that these assumptions might have been helpful back then but are actually hurting us now. They are now so far removed from actual reality that they are becoming obstacles to the Theory and even more serious obstacles to the Practice of Management. Indeed, reality is fast becoming the very opposite of what these assumptions claim it to be (Drucker). Drucker then goes on to explain his 8 new management assumptions related to the discipline of management, which are: 1. Management is not only for profit-making businesses. 2. There is not only one right organization. 3. There is not one right way to manage people. 4. Technologies and End-UsersShow MoreRelatedDeaf : Deaf And Deaf886 Words   |  4 Pagesthat studies deaf individuals and their unique communities and culture and may include constructs from anthropology, linguistics, bilingual education, disability, audiology, etc. Within the context of Deaf Studies, deaf individuals are no longer defined solely by their lack of hearing, but by their cultural, linguistic, and sensorial ways of being in the world (Bauman Murray, 2010). That is why we hear people educated with Deaf Studies saying ASL kids to refer to deaf kids who use American SignRead MoreClassism in North America1216 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Classism in North America    Classism is a big dilemma in several parts of the world such as North America. The word  Classism  was derived from  Class  and  -ism; the word  Class  descended from a French word, Classe, and a Latin word Classis. The word was originally created by Servius Tullius in one of the six orders into which he used to divide the Roman people for the purpose of taxation. Those words together make the word Classism which means a biased or discriminatory attitude based on distinctionsRead MoreRevolutionary Movements Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pages Revolutionary Movements With the 20th century, many new revolutionary movements have come into the focus of world politics. Of these, fascism is one of the most difficult to put into a proper context. 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In the 21st century we are faced with the challenges of terrorist and we call on the local state and federal agencies to work together to counterRead MoreU.S. Automobile Manufacturing in the Twenty-First Century1540 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered luxuries, and 10,000 Model T automobiles were sold that year (History.com, 2013). In the 21st Century, automobiles are no longer luxuries but necessities. In addition, due to the technological, economical, and social changes, the automobile industries a s well of organizational practices have changed since the 20th century (Greer, 2001). Several developments such as global competition, advanced technology, and reengineering are more likely to affect human resource managers in the automobileRead MoreHistorical And Legal Issues Of Developmental Disabilities By James R. Thompson905 Words   |  4 Pagesabout how people perceived people with intellectual and developmental disabilities over the past few centuries. Intellectual and developmental disabilities have been around for a while and many people have been scrutinized for having disabilities. Early on people with disabilities were treated unfairly or mistreated by other community members. It was not until the late 19th, 20th, and 21st century where people started to help people with disabilities to attempt making a difference. There were manyRead MoreThe History of Nursing Science1076 Words   |  4 Pagesexpressed themselves in a multitude of ways throughout human history, from mothers tending to their sick children to soldiers caring for their wounded brothers on the battlefield. But nursing science, the body of knowledge that has both arisen from and informed the nursing profession as we now know it, has a distinct history that can be traced through key periods of development and revolution. By examining this rich history, we can see not only how dynamic and complex nursing science is, but alsoRead MoreINTRODUCTION Since the start of the industrial age, people have made revolutionary changes in1100 Words   |  5 Pagesbe a sustainable solution in the 21st century and to identify and describe the important and unique features of homes made out of earth. I. PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT BUILDING MATERIALS The main conventional building materials, which are concrete and steel, have some major problems. First of all, their price is not only high, but it is becoming higher and higher (see figure 1). Moreover, concrete is an unsustainable building material to build with in the 21st century, given the large amount of CO2 emissionsRead MoreIndustrialization During The Industrial Revolution1577 Words   |  7 Pagesand the world in which we live – since the Industrial Revolution began in Britain (from 1760 until sometime between 1820 and 1840). The improvement of business acquisitions and evolution of trade were essential to the Industrial Revolution. Most of the British population lived in the countryside, in small villages, and interacted closely within their family unit and work. Industrialization, however, drastically altered the small family unit, when work was transitioned from hand production methodsRead MoreA Study of Charles Van Dorens A History of Knowledge733 Words   |   3 Pagessome crops in order to live; also, clerics were happy with the crops given to the Church; consequently, there was little knowledge or need for money and earning just what a person needed was the acceptable way of life. In contrast, the new, 19th Century concept of economy involved the retail trade of everything, including human labor, and profiting by earning money was an important part of this new economic system. Based largely on the ideas of Adam Smith and his book, Wealth and nation, the idea

Prejudice Essay Cathedral - 1308 Words

Samantha Langert Professor Jereb English G110 18 September 2017 Prejudices in Cathedral Prejudice comes in all forms; whether it is due to someone s skin color, religion, or disability, fear of someone who is different than what you view as normal is apparent all around us. Miriam Webster defines Prejudice as â€Å"injury or damage resulting from some judgment or action of another in disregard to one’s rights†. Although most people tend to associate prejudice with racism, that is not always the case. In quite a few instances of everyday life, it is hate towards another person you consider to be inferior and not normal. Prejudice implies a closed point of view, one that is not open to differences and a prejudgment of a group of people you†¦show more content†¦The Narrator’s thoughts show us that he holds onto these prejudgements of blind people, believing they have both physical and mental incapabilities, and has not made a point to try and fix this perspective. The Narrator also feels he has an inherent superiority to Robert because of this , placing a self-centered twist onto everything. For all of the Narrators prejudice towards others, he is more than happy to not place any of his critical and judgemental focus on himself. It is shown in glimpses of the story how the Narrator dictates his world by only what he can actually see, placing a limitation on himself that Robert does not have. â€Å"It was beyond my understanding. Hearing this, I felt sorry for the blind man for a little bit. And then I found myself thinking what a pitiful life this woman must have led† (139). The Narrator lacks what can be perceived as a sight into both his own, and others, emotions. It is further on that we come to realize how much the Narrator relies on his vision, thinking that Robert’s wife, Beulah, could have worn anything she wanted to, not because she felt like it, but because no one could appreciate how she beautiful or ugly she looks. Although the Narrator can obviously see, he does not realize the restrictions he placed upon himself and how those restrictions prevented him from wanting or doing anything greater with his ownShow MoreRelated Blind Faith in Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay920 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesBlind Faith in Raymond Carvers Cathedral      Ã‚   In the story Cathedral by Raymond Carver, the main character, goes through a major personal transformation.   At the beginning of the story, his opinions of others are filled with stereotypes, discrimination and prejudice.   Through interaction with his wifes blind friend Robert, his attitude and outlook on life changes.   Although at first he seemed afraid to associate with a blind man, Roberts outgoing personality left him with virtually noRead MoreCathedral Critical Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pages02/01/2012 â€Å"Cathedral† Critical Essay It is human nature to shy away from social situations that make us uncomfortable. Also, as a people with great pride, we often find it difficult to admit when we have been iniquitous, or to allow ourselves to be open to humbling experiences. Sometimes though, it is not entirely due to intolerance that we allow ourselves to make ill-informed judgments. Raymond Carver was a writer with some insight concerning these very ideas. In his short story, â€Å"Cathedral,† CarverRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1340 Words   |  6 PagesRaymond Carver’s characters were considered to be very much like him: â€Å"’on the edge: of poverty, alcoholic self-destruction, loneliness† (Mays 32). His short story â€Å"Cathedral† is about a young couple, who have a visitor coming to stay with them. This visitor, Robert, is the wife’s friend, and he is blind. The narrator, the husband, has never met someone who is blind, was bothered by that. To h im, being blind meant constantly needing help from others. His depiction of blindness was what he has seenRead MoreA Man Becoming Prejudice Against Blind People1710 Words   |  7 PagesA man becoming prejudice against blind people. A man that has been closed off emotionally makes of a connection with a blind man, it is a breakthrough for him. It is an epiphany making a cathedral with the blind man is the moment when he learns how to trust another person.The Cathedral is a captivating story based on the lives of the narrator, his wife and a blind man. Raymond Carver is the author of this story, and he does an excellent job allowing the reader to delve into the lives of these charactersRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1426 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†: The Narrator Literature has the potential to act as a mirror by presenting people’s lived experiences, expectations, and perceptions through characters. 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Political Forum Post

Question: What, if anything, do the current conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, and among the Shi'a and Sunnis in Iraq and Syria, say about the utility of Huntington's thesis about the clash of civilizations? Answer: At the end of the cold war, the expertise of international relations and the political scientists were discovering the predictable and probable situations after this devastating revolution. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine took place due to some important reasons. The conflict arose when the presidents of Ukraine refuse to make an economic deal with Russia regarding the agreement in association. After a few days, that particular individual agreed to accept another economic deal with Russia. This was one of the effective reasons to for the conflict of Russia and Ukraine. On the other hand, Russia chose Ukraine for making their economic deal because Ukraine is possessed with the products of high quality along with its low prices. As a result, Russia would be benefited to make a free agreement with Ukraine. The primary reason between the conflict of Shias and Sunnis was differentiation of their values, beliefs and ethics. As per the Muslim theology, God renders the blessing through the prophets who plays the role of messengers[1] . Shias do not prefer to believe on messengers as they believe to reach the god directly[2]. As per their point of view, human being does not need to go through the prophet in order to receive the blessings of god. The beliefs and values of Sunnis were just the opposite. That was the root of arising conflict between Shias and Sunnis. This has become the ancient religious divide made a conflict regarding transforming a map for the people of Middle East. The current scenario has been changed right now. At present, more than ten thousands militants have been spread throughout Iraq and Syria. It was the amalgamation both Shias and Sunnis. The primary concern of many expertises was reducing the violence between them. Still, it is a matter of argument whether the religious conflict between this Shia and Sunnis would be reduced or it would go to the ultimate violence that would become a severe threat for leading a life successfully or for maintaining peace in the international field. In this situation, the well-known political scientist Samuel Huntington described the future aspect of the international system and policies[3]. Samuel believed the fact that one particular region is possessed with various cultural divisions such as Western, Islamic and Hindu and so many. Each and every cultured is attached with their own perception and values. As per his point of view, Islamic civilization had been raised as one of the major troubles. The inhabitants of Arab do not intend to share their values and perception with the Western countries. As a result, a major communication gap has occurred in between them. The nature of the conflict: The post situation of the cold war, the political scenario was it was entering to the new age of revolution. The nation states were getting back their rivalries, that was maintained traditionally and the aspect of tribalism and globalism was supplying the strength to the decline of the nation. As these aspects were the matter of main concern of the era, they missed the central aspect of the globally inspired politics. The aspect of civilization after the cold war: The migration to the Western Europe was incredibly increased by the growth of population in the Arabian countries. The aspect of racism was broadly open that time. The clash of civilization was indicated by the differences between the Islam and the west culture. The conflict was increasing on the area of northern border in Islam, which involves the Orthodox and Muslim people, which expressed as the violence between the Serb and Albanian, and the relationship was also getting destroyed between the Bulgarian and the minorities of the Turkish[4]. Conclusion: It was not that much surprising, as people were so much excited for the after effects of the cold war, the thesis of Huntington was a little bit controversial. The facts of civilization was globally criticized by the critics, as it consists of the unclear definition of the concept of civilization, as the western civilization is mainly consists of the western and modern, i.e. non-western civilization. Reference: Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations?Foreign Affairs72.3:22-49. (1993) Kenny, Charles. The Convergence of Civilizations.Foreign Policy(2013) Ayoob, Mohammed. 2012. Was Huntington Right? Revisiting the Clash of Civilizations.Insight Turkey14.4: 1- 11. (2012.)

learning and motivation Essay Example

learning and motivation Essay Introduction: In order to study how people learn a new set of behaviors, we are going to apply three learning theories which learned though this course: classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social cognitive theory . ln this paper, only one example would be applied by the theories. The chosen example is a commercial of LNYX body wash which will be further described in the next paragraph. First, we will briefly describe the cases. Then, the application of the theory will be presented part by part from classical conditioning, operant conditioning to social cognitive theory . n each art, we will briefly introduce the major concept of the theories used , followed by the studies on the effectiveness of the commercial. Commercial Content: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=YuvIsaOYr18 The following is the description of the commercial content. The commercial showed that there are two men who were using two different kinds of body wash product. They went clubbing together after us ing the two different body wash products. The man who used LYNX body wash is charm and handsome so that he got many attractions from girls but another man who used other brand of body wash did not. Classical Conditioning: According to the learning behaviorism approaches, there are two forms of associative learning: Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. I would briefly introduce what is classical conditioning and apply classical conditioning in the chosen advertisement. Last but not least, it will be an analysis on the effectiveness of this advertisement with certain related concepts. Classical conditioning is learning through association/ pairing This is a basic form of learning in which one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another. It also involves making a new connection, or association, between events in the environment. Referring to the commercial showed, before conditioning, charming and handsome man was the unconditioned stimulus and naturally elicits to the reflex of the unconditioned response which was got attraction from girls. During conditioning, there was the pairing up between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. Refer to the commercial, charming and handsome man was the unconditioned stimulus and the LYNX body wash was the neutral stimulus which has no intrinsic meaning to the organism before conditioning. After conditioning, man would get attraction form girls after using the LYNX body wash product. We will write a custom essay sample on learning and motivation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on learning and motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on learning and motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So LYNX body wash become conditioned stimulus and elicit girls attraction which is the conditioned For the commercials effectiveness, it depends on peoples cognition of this commercial. According to the related concept of classical conditioning, stimulus generalization is automatic extension of conditioned responding to similar stimuli. Thus, One who are confused about LYNX body wash with other similar product cannot identify the difference and response in the same way with the similar products. That is, they believed that using other brands body wash can also get attraction form girls. Then, the commercials effectiveness would be diminished. Under another situation, stimulus discrimination, the organism does not respond the same way to two similar stimuli as it has learned to distinguish between them. One can distinguish between products of different brands and distinguish that only the use of LYNX can attract girls. So, the effectiveness of the commercial increase as people are willing to buy LYNX body wash in order to get attraction from girls . Therefore, the commercial effectiveness depends on peoples cognition on this advertisement. Operant Conditioning: According to operant conditioning, learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences. (Skinner, 1983)Following the law of effect, if the consequence is positive, or satisfying to the organism, in future with the same stimulus presented again, the same response will be more likely to occur, vice versa. Thus, Skinner said that we learn an association between a response to a stimulus and its consequences with the experiment he did. In this commercial, the stimulus is the use of LYNX body wash; the consequence is become attractive among girls. As we ll know, the consequences attractive here, is positive and pleasant, so people will be more likely to use LYNX body wash. The video shows both types of consequences: reinforcement and punishment. In the video, the man who use LYNX body wash and go clubbing becomes more charming and attracts girls attentions. Being charm is a positive reinforcement. Since Behavior is followed by the delivery of an appetitive stimulus, and it is Increases the probability of that behavior (Skinner, 1969), the delivery of attractiveness after using LYNX body wash reinforces him to increase the behavior of using LYNX body wash. Another man in the commercial, who wears in pink, is using other common brands body wash and going clubbing, he becomes feminine and unwelcome among girls. Removal of attractiveness is the negative punishment since behavior is followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus, and it is decreasing the probability of that behavior (Skinner, 1969). Therefore, people will not choose to use other brands body wash so as to avoid the unwelcome consequence of removing attractiveness. In order to have an in-depth study on the effectiveness of the commercial based one perant conditioning, we will examine the fulfillment of some important conditions immediately and reinforcer must follow the response. In the commercial popularity among girls (reinforcer) Just followed the response of using LYNX body wash immediately. That means Reinforcers that precede a response rarely have an effect on the response. Moreover, there is no delay in the presentation of popularity among girls after the men using LYNX body wash which preserve the effectiveness of commercial. If the presentation of popularity among girls delayed, the commercial would become less effective as the reinforcers presentation is elayed and the noticed consequence become less rewarding. Last but not least, there are two men using in different brand of body wash but the popularity among girls was only presented when the desired response (use LYNX body wash) occurred. This fulfills the reinforcement contingency which stated that the reinforcer should be presented only when the desired response has occurred. Since there is a strong fulfillment of those conditions for operant conditioning, the commercial is regarded as effective. Social Cognitive Theory: The social cognitive theory force on what and how people learn from one another. There is a reciprocal causation in social cognitive theory stated that the interaction of three variables: environment, person and behavior, affect each other. In order to have a clearer insight on how social cognitive theory is applied in this commercial, we initiate our application from the first step, that is, processes in observation learning. The processes of observation learning included Attention to appropriate models, Retention, Motor Reproduction and Motivation. That means the learner have to pay attention to character in the commercial and remember what the character did. Next, he has to practice Models behavior by using LYNX body wash. If he believe that he will be charming after using LYNX body wash, he will be motivate to keep imitating the Models behavior. Observational learning occurs when an organisms responses are influenced by the observation of a models behavior. Unlike other learning theories, observational learning can be vicarious. In another words, organism simply observes another perform a behavior, notes the consequences, and modifies its own behavior in a future, similar situation. In such, learner observes that the models behavior of using LYNX body wash so as the vicarious reinforcement the model received in the commercial. The learner would then be reinforced by the vicarious reinforcement of Charming and handsome, he would be more likely to imitate the models behavior for the sake of obtaining the same kind of reinforcement in the future. That means, he is going to use LYNX body wash so as to become charming, handsome and attractive to girls. oth self-efficacy and expectancies would affect ones likelihood in imitating the behavior. When one believes they are capable of executing the behaviors successfully, he is with high self-efficacy. Thus, one who got high self-efficacy think that it is easy to get and use LYNX body wash after watching such modeling. He is more likely to imitate the model and using t he product mentioned in the commercial. Expectancies, is about the consequences of a behavior are what render the behavior more or less likely to occur. When one expect to receive a favorable consequence of being Charm and handsome after using LYNX, he is more likely to do so. In order to study whether the commercial is effective, we examine the fulfillment of characteristics of effective models. We found that the model is competent because earners are capable in getting get LYNX body wash. The model behaves in stereotypical gender-appropriate ways as boys generally want to be attractive among girls. to our belief, the commercial will be more effective to boys who seeking for lovers because the models behavior is relevant to the observers situation. as the commercial fulfill such characteristics of effective models, it is an effective commercial form the analysis of social cognitive theory. Conclusion: In conclusion, we had applied all three theories namely classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social cognitive theory in one commercial. We found that the learning effectiveness of the case would depend on different conditions. For instance, in classical conditioning, people would have confusion with different body wash brand thus decrease the effectiveness of the commercial when there is a stimulus generalization; however, commercial would become more effective when there is stimulus discrimination because people could distinguish between different brands which urging them in purchase LYNX body wash. In addition, we can look into some particular conditions and characteristics to scrutinize the effectiveness of the commercial. For operant conditioning, we have examine on some important conditions for operant conditioning like the reinforcement contingency, reinforce must follow the response and immediacy. For social cognitive theory, we have study in some of the Characteristics of effective models: Such as competency, stereotypical gender-appropriate ways and whether the models behavior is relevant to the observers situation. We also noticed that one with high self-efficacy and expectation towards the behavior would also increase the effectiveness of the commercial. Based on the fulfillment of those particular onditions and characteristics of operant conditioning and social cognitive theory respectively, we reckon that the commercial is still regarded as the effective one. Skinner, B. F. (1938). The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: B. F. Skinner Foundation. Skinner, B. F. (1969) Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis TV Commercial from YouTube: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=YuvIsaOYr18 Bibliography Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review, 57(4), 193-216.