MRP3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MRP3 - Essay Example (ii) On the other hand, the fact those most male students often engage in Binge drinking leads to higher negative responses being expected. This leads to the findings that more male students like Binge drinking. Crego, A. et.at (2009). Binge SDrinking Affects Attentional and Visual Working Memory Processing in Young University Students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 33(11), p. 1970 – 1879. Labrie, J.; Pedersen, E.; Tobyf, L. & Lane, B. (2006). Heads Up! A Nested Intervention With FreshMen Male College Students and the Broader Campus Community to Promote Responsible Drinking. Journal of American College Health, Vol. 54(5), p. 301 – 304. *LaBrie, J. W et al. (2011). Protective behavioral strategies mediate the effect of drinking motives on alcohol use among heavy drinking college students: Gender and race differences. Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 36(4), p. 354 – 361. Felicia, D.S.; Jack, D.; Francis, D.K. & Mark, G.S. (2005). Binge Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Community College Students: Implications for Prevention Policy, Journal of American College Health, Vol.54 (3), p.137 -141 Kristins, V. et al. (2004). Binge Drinking in Female College Students: The Association of Physical Activity, Weight Concern and Depressive Symptoms. Journal of American College health, Vol.53 (3), p.133 –

Existentialism is a Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism is a Humanism Essay In Existentialism is a Humanism, Sartre explains that in human beings, â€Å"existence precedes essence. † Meaning, humans are created without any purpose, but with growth and maturing they find their purpose. J. P. Sartre gives the example of the paper clip, noting that this inanimate object was created with the intent of a purpose. Therefore, that idea lead to it’s creation. He uses this example to demonstrate â€Å" essence precedes existence. † He states, â€Å" man is nothing else, but what he makes of himself. † Simply put, us as humans are first born than we create our own paths in our lives and who we shall be in life. This explains that through our actions and decisions we make in our lives, molds us into the beings we become. Further mentioning that we are the choices we make, are we responsible for who are as individuals because of that. Sartre goes on to say there are two kinds of existentialists. One of them being Christians, Catholics, or people who believe in God. As well as atheistic existentialists who do not believe in God such as himself. However, one thing they share is both groups believe in the idea of â€Å" existence precedes essence. † But, those who believe in God believes God was a superior power who created people with a purpose, which ties into the idea of the paper clip. With that being said, though men has diverse traits and characteristics, they share the same basic qualities because if human nature. On the other hand, the atheistic view believes God is nonexistent and a man starts as nothing and later defines himself. Therefore, Sartre states, â€Å"There is no determinism, man is free, man is freedom†¦. We have no values or commands to turn to which legitimize our conduct. † In other words, we have no excuses, and we are entirely responsible for our decisions. Therefore, there is no God to provide guidance on the proper way to live and we must find that out through our choices. He goes on the idea of subjectivism, saying that one man’s acts creates the image of every man as a whole. Which, develops the idea of what men ought to be as individuals. Sartre also replies that, â€Å"it is impossible for man to transcend human subjectivity. † He isn’t saying â€Å"I prefer subjectivity over objectivity,† he’s asking, â€Å"how can we possibly not be subjective? † Even the religious individual who believes that morality is absolute and comes from God must, at some point, choose to believe that this is the case. Our responsibility is a blessing and a curse. It leads us to feel things like anguish and despair. We experience anguish in the face of our subjectivity, because by choosing what we are to do, we â€Å"choose for everyone†. When you make a decision you are saying â€Å"this is how anyone ought to behave given these circumstances. † Many people don’t feel anguish, but this is because they are â€Å"fleeing from it. † If you don’t feel a sense of anxiety when you make decisions, it’s because you are forgetting about your â€Å"total and deep responsibility† toward yourself and all of humanity. Despair arises because we only have power to change things that are within our power to change, and there is a lot we cannot change. With that being said, reality is unbiased and out of our control, except for small aspects of it here and there. We despair because we can never have full control of the future. However, we are the rulers of our lives, we take the responsibility of our actions and ourselves in general. Regardless of what you believe, this cannot be any other way.

My Philosophy of Education Essays -- Education Reflective Writing Teac

Philosophy of Education Education provides people with the understanding and basis of life. It enables us to explore the world. Teachers are important in a child’s life because children are dependent for guidance, love and knowledge. It is up to us to provide these guidelines to the younger generations. As an educator, I am anxious to guide the pursuit of one’s goals and acquisition of knowledge. I believe in emphasizing the importance and value of an education that should carry beyond their high school years. I not only plan to teach the basic skills, but also provide students with knowledge of the world they will face outside the classroom. I lean towards the philosophy of progressivism. It enables students to relate decision making, creative thinking, and projects to their studies. Children will think that material at school is genuine if they can connect it to real life. Kids need to be engaged in higher level thinking skills. Therefore, I am a strong proponent of cooperative groups and active learning. Progressivism not only focuses of children’s academic needs but also their interests. I am a reflective teacher meaning that I take every characteristic of the class and students and plan around it. I love active learning which place children in an atmosphere where they feel safe and can participate in fun, learning activities. Children can learn from each other which also creates a positive, relaxing learning environment. If you walked into my classroom, you would very seldom see kids sitting at their desks in complete silence. It is all about maintaining control. I am not an essentialist. I understand that students need to take standardized tests, but i... ... Education reform is necessary for effective teachers and schools. The world is changing, curriculum changes and teaching strategies changes. I will not get set in one teaching style and refuse to change. I will be up for any type of constructive criticism and suggestions. All children are different and therefore every class will be different. Effective teachers can not teach the same way each year. I hope to further my education by going to graduate school. I would like to earn a master’s degree in Reading. After I get positioned in a school, I would like to become nationally certified. I also want to subscribe to journal magazines such as The Reading Teacher or organizations such as Reading Association. In accomplishing these goals, it will further my knowledge in which I can pass down to my students as well as doing it for myself. My Philosophy of Education Essays -- Education Reflective Writing Teac Philosophy of Education Education provides people with the understanding and basis of life. It enables us to explore the world. Teachers are important in a child’s life because children are dependent for guidance, love and knowledge. It is up to us to provide these guidelines to the younger generations. As an educator, I am anxious to guide the pursuit of one’s goals and acquisition of knowledge. I believe in emphasizing the importance and value of an education that should carry beyond their high school years. I not only plan to teach the basic skills, but also provide students with knowledge of the world they will face outside the classroom. I lean towards the philosophy of progressivism. It enables students to relate decision making, creative thinking, and projects to their studies. Children will think that material at school is genuine if they can connect it to real life. Kids need to be engaged in higher level thinking skills. Therefore, I am a strong proponent of cooperative groups and active learning. Progressivism not only focuses of children’s academic needs but also their interests. I am a reflective teacher meaning that I take every characteristic of the class and students and plan around it. I love active learning which place children in an atmosphere where they feel safe and can participate in fun, learning activities. Children can learn from each other which also creates a positive, relaxing learning environment. If you walked into my classroom, you would very seldom see kids sitting at their desks in complete silence. It is all about maintaining control. I am not an essentialist. I understand that students need to take standardized tests, but i... ... Education reform is necessary for effective teachers and schools. The world is changing, curriculum changes and teaching strategies changes. I will not get set in one teaching style and refuse to change. I will be up for any type of constructive criticism and suggestions. All children are different and therefore every class will be different. Effective teachers can not teach the same way each year. I hope to further my education by going to graduate school. I would like to earn a master’s degree in Reading. After I get positioned in a school, I would like to become nationally certified. I also want to subscribe to journal magazines such as The Reading Teacher or organizations such as Reading Association. In accomplishing these goals, it will further my knowledge in which I can pass down to my students as well as doing it for myself.

Knapps Stage Model Essay

Dear John, the drama-filled romance movie, John Tyree, a young soldier, meets Savannah Curtis, a college student on spring break, and they quickly fall in love. The movie directed by Lasse Hallstrom, adapted from Nicolas Sparks’ novel of the same name. Dear John showcased many aspects of communications in its most simple forms. Including the ten stages of the Knapp Stage Model, which could actually be witnessed throughout the Dear John the movie and the book, as the two main characters, John and Savannah, developed their relationship and as they tried to maintain their relationship. In the Knapp’s Stage Model, Mark Knapp describes the progression and development of relationships as a series of ten stages in two phases: the ‘coming together’, initiation is followed by the experimenting , intensifying, integrating and bonding stages. In the ‘coming apart’, the differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding and terminating stage occurs. The se stages are illustrated in the film Dear John. In the opening scene of Dear John, it was John’s and Savannah’s first time meeting, it was attraction at first sight. During the night scene at the beach, they conversed. I would still think it’s the initiating stage because the content of their conversation. They didn’t ask questions with the intention of knowing more of each other apart from that one question, ‘’When are you going back? † which was rather casual. That will sum up the initiating stage. In the later scene, John asked for a date and Savannah agreed. That means they have both passed each other’s test so there is an experimenting stage. By the way, John actually stayed at the Barbeque till the night when he mentioned that his dad cooked dinner. Why else would one blow off his dad if it isn’t because he likes the girl? Therefore, that supports my stand that they were already attracted to each other at the beach. At the dinner scene, they were started talking about something more personal. They were making small talk. The topic of family and John’s past came in. These topics usually w ouldn’t be brought up at the initiating stage because they’re too personal. I would also like to link to another concept with this scene which is relational needs of openness. If you notice, John wasn’t too comfortable with the talk to the point he asked â€Å"why do you want to know so much?† He would fall under the kind that closed off to other people. His answers were all one-liners, straight to the point with no further explanations. In the next scene, when they were walking towards the wooden house, that was another example of  getting to know each other through talking. This ends off the experimenting stage. They have a fight, but reconcile before John’s leave from the army is over. When john returns to the army, he and Savannah begin long distance relationship through handwritten letters. The first letter was very clear that Savannah loves John. Previously, John actually gave Savannah a note in which the content wasn’t disclosed to the audience till the very end of the movie. The note said â€Å"I love you† which was why Savannah wrote him, that letter was a reply. Those were disclosures of feelings to each other . In that scene, John said â€Å"I made you a promise, didn’t I?† and later, they both agreed to write to each other all the time. She was supposed to wait for him for a year while he was away in Germany. That was a sense of commitment to the relationship. This will summarize the intensifying stage. The fourth stage is integrating. This point is rather straightforward. It’s the turning point whereby the couple announces to their friends and family that they are a couple. In this case, you could see John being introduced to Savannah’s parents. Couples do not always follow strictly to the model. Steps could be jumped or revisited again. Sadly, there was no fifth stage (Bonding – marriage, engagement) for this pair in the movie. Conflicts arise because of different perceptions; it is also illustrated in this movie. There was a fighting scene at the patio and it was because John wanted to extend his tour with the army but Savannah did not want to wait for another two years. So after a long time apart, John and Savannah find themselves drifting apart and resigned to being apart from John, and Savannah sends a ‘Dear John’ letter telling him that she has bec ome engaged to someone else. John finally got a letter from Savannah which she initiated a break up. Break ups are due to many possible factors, in their case, changes, poor communication and unrealistic expectations. Changes referred to the huge changes they went through from the two weeks of summer break together to being thousand miles apart. Next, poor communication, I think this might be the least contributing factor. Even though, letters took weeks or months to reach each other, their letters were filled with words. They told each other everything about their lives so it wasn’t a case of drifting apart. Lastly, it is the factor I think contributed the most probably which is an unrealistic expectation. Long distance relationships are hard enough and a person can only take it for so long. The first year was fine but when  John added two more years onto the pile, it was too hard for Savannah to take. Although John’s and Savannah’s falling out they eventually came together as friends, es pecially when John’s father is on his death bed, John returns home and connects with his father, something he was not able to do before. John then sells his father’s coin collection to fund Savannah’s husband’s cancer treatment. In the last scene of the film, John sees Savannah on the street and they embrace. The movie may not showcase as much details; however it does show the importance of communication in a relationship. For example, Savannah chooses to write a letter to John to break the news of her engagement, instead of calling him, it shows that it is already a sign od avoiding the issue directly. A handwritten letter is a linear form of communication, as John is not given a chance to reply immediately. If you were in John’s position, and you received a similar letter about your partner’s engagement, would you go back home to fight for what you want, or would you be ‘John’, and just bury yourself with work? Hopefully, now you have a better understanding of the Knapp’s model and see how it fits into every relationship!

Gardenia and Pepsi Cola in Laguna

We visited the plant of Gardenia and Pepsi Cola in Laguna. We arrived at Pepsi Cola’s plant first, in which they explain the process of production of their products then had a chance to tour the plant. From Pepsi Cola’s plant, we had a stop over at SM Sta. Rosa for a few hours then to Gardenia’s plant. There, we saw the production of their products by explaining the process first then saw in actual the step-by-step process of manufacturing their bread. In Pepsi Cola’s plant, we only visited the part of the plant in which bottles of their products are located. I found it needless because I expect that we could observe concretely the necessary procedures on how Pepsi products are made or from direct materials to finish goods. But we only saw the bottles and already packed products. I also found their plant unclean for products are unorganized plus lack of ventilation. Similar essay: Gardenia Distribution Strategy I like Gardenia’s plant better. They designed their plant in a way that there is an auditorium to present clearly and comfortably the manufacturing process of their products, which were intended for visitors. Also, there is a place for viewing the actual production procedure. I also like the ambiance and how staffs welcome and entertain visitors at Gardenia’s plant. If I will rank our plant visit as 10 being the highest, it will be 6. Because I didn’t find it much useful in our course except the fact that compared to my previous visit, at least, I was able to relate more with what I saw like some notes posted on their walls. Also, I was able to appreciate the visit more for we already discussed topics relating to manufacturing companies.

The Controversy of Huckleberry Finn essays

The Controversy of Huckleberry Finn essays Huckleberry Finn, timeless classic, or modern day disgrace? Should it be banned? Or should it be continued to be taught? The answer is two-faced, because there is undoubtly some questionable themes and word choice. But on the other hand, if the material is presented in a mature way, with a discussion about the, questionable, racial material, Huck Finn really can be, and is, one of the greatest literary works of all time. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a classic piece of American literature, Twain takes a very funny, and very satirical viewpoint of many of society's flaws. The most prominent concept Twain attacks is the concept of slavery. Huck's battle of concious versus heart is shown at multiple times in the novel. With the climax of the novel when Huck decides he would rather burn in hell than turn Jim in. Apart from the climax, Twain does make fun of many of society's wrongs. For example, the Grangerfords and Shepardsons episode is satirizing people's false sense of honor and hipocracy as they go to church and listen to sermons about brotherly love and peace, while at the same time stroking their guns. Twain also takes a huge shot at religion. Huck complains that before he can eat he has to listen to the widow grumble over a few lines. Huck also says he would prefer hell over heaven because his friend Tom Sawyer would be there, and heaven seemed boring, with the harps and clouds and all. Many people have said that Jim is a racial sterotype. This, however, could not be further from the truth. How can Jim be a stereotypical slave if he was willing to care for Huck, after he had learned of Huck's father's passing away. Jim stayed with him on his journey down the Mississippi River even though he knew it was leading him straight into slave country where he was no doubtedly being looked for. This decision has transcended the streotype ...

The Great Depression Essay †The Worst of Times - BestEssay.education

The Great Depression Essay – The Worst of Times The Great Depression Essay If your grandparents are still alive, they probably lived through the Great Depression – that really dark period in American history, between 1929 and 1941, when life was really horrible for a whole bunch of people. If you have read about it, then you have the basic facts. If you haven’t yet, then you may be asking yourself, â€Å"What is the Great Depression?† Simply put, it was a time in our history when we experienced the worst economic circumstances in all of our history – bank failures, terribly high unemployment, wages that could not support families, and high rate of home foreclosures. Does this sound familiar? It should. A Look at the Causes of the Great Depression The 1920’s came in like a tornado. World War I was over, and people were happy about that. Prohibition was also in effect, and people were not very happy about that. Jazz and the Charleston dance were the rage. Women cut their hair and raised their skirt lengths; men drove flashy convertibles. Life was good. But the warning signs were there. Banks were lending money wildly – to startup businesses, to real estate developers, and to individuals who wanted to buy homes and cars; stock brokerage firms were loaning money to people so they could invest in the Stock Market, and companies that were selling that stock were selling more than their companies were worth. Lots of risks were being taken with no government regulations to curtail them. It was a time of â€Å"do whatever you want.† Unfortunately, that behavior cannot last forever and the cracks began to appear in the summer of 1929. They soon became trenches and, in October of that year, the Stock Market crashed. That was followed by â€Å"runs† on the banks, as people tried to get their money out. The banks did not have the money – they had lent it all out. Banks failed. Companies went bankrupt, and people lost their jobs. So, if you need to write an essay on any of these causes, you can easily compare them t o the â€Å"crash† of 2008 and then explain why were able to avert a depression this time around. The Effects of the Great Depression Many of the effects were outlined for you above – high unemployment, loss of life savings, home foreclosures, and so on. Enter Franklin Roosevelt The short-term effects of the Great Depression were devastating, and in 1932 the country changed course and elected a Democrat to the White House, giving control of Congress to the Democrats as well. Thus began a series of programs, new laws and regulations, and controls on lending institutions that were designed to prevent this from every happening again. And most of those regulations and laws are still in effect today. But monied people and financial institutions have a way of finding methods to â€Å"skirt† the regs, and that is why it all came crashing down again. Essay Topics There are so many possibilities. You can look at a single cause, a single effect; you can look at how society coped; you can look at the fights in Congress as each new relief bill or program was introduced. And, even more interesting, you can compare the causes and effects of the Great Depression with the financial crisis of 2008. The Great Depression was a â€Å"dark† but fascinating piece of American history. We need to study it a bit more as we still seek solutions.

A Beginner’s Guide to Alliteration

A Beginner’s Guide to Alliteration A Beginner’s Guide to Alliteration A little alliteration can liven up even the limpest literature. So if you’re not sure what this is, or why that first sentence is full of â€Å"L† words, you may want to check out our guide. We’ll also look at two related poetic techniques: consonance and assonance. What Is Alliteration? Alliteration occurs when we use the same sound repeatedly in a sentence. This is often at the start of a word, but it can also be at the start of a stressed syllable in a word. You may have seen alliteration used in poetry, particularly in tongue twisters. For example, the nursery rhyme â€Å"Peter Piper† uses the letter â€Å"p† alliteratively: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Wheres the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? This is a case of alliteration where the whole point is to be tricky to say! Why Use Alliteration in Poetry? Usually, poets use alliteration to create a mood in a poem or to give it rhythm. For example, take the first stanza of Edgar Allen Poe’s â€Å"The Raven†: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore-   Ã‚  Ã‚   While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. â€Å"’Tis some visitor,† I muttered, â€Å"tapping at my chamber door-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Only this and nothing more.† Here, we have multiple cases of alliteration that combine with the rhyme scheme to give the text a strong rhythm and emphasize certain words. Poe does the same throughout the poem. Sometimes, you can also use alliteration to evoke a mood or image. A good example of this is sibilance, which involves the repetition of soft â€Å"S† sounds: The snake slithered silently across the sand. Here, the repetition of â€Å"S† sounds like the hiss of a snake. As such, the sound of the sentence reinforces the image it describes, like in onomatopoeia. Other Uses of Alliteration Many people use alliteration to make language memorable, including in: Company and brand names (e.g., Coca Cola, Dunkin’ Donuts) Slogans (e.g., Jaguar’s â€Å"Don’t dream it. Drive it.†) Titles of books, movies, etc. (e.g., Black Beauty, Doctor Doolittle) Character names (e.g., Mickey Mouse, Peter Parker) In all these cases, the repetition makes the phrase catchier and more striking. Assonance and Consonance Finally, we should look at two techniques related to alliteration: assonance and consonance. These both involve repetition of sounds, but they’re not quite the same as alliteration. Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds. For example, the repetition of â€Å"oo† in â€Å"Your spooky bassoon went boom as I fell through my stool.† Consonance is repetition of consonant sounds in any part of a word, not just at the start. For instance, â€Å"The vegan dog hugged the ugly frog† is consonance but not alliteration. This is because the repeated â€Å"G† occurs in different parts of the words, not just at the start of stressed syllables. You can use assonance and consonance to make writing more rhythmic or memorable. This is especially common in poetry, but, as with alliteration, it is also effective in other contexts.

Intelluctual Property and design Innovation Management (study of JAMES Essay

Intelluctual Property and design Innovation Management (study of JAMES DYSON - PATENT , RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION of his works ) - Essay Example She exclaimed â€Å"Really?† and informed him that they have dozens of them around the palace (Popular Science, 2004). This story brilliantly shows till what extent Dyson became the part of our daily life and culture. The story of trials and success of Dyson – the person and the company - is worth studying through, analyzing and extracting valuable business lessons. 1. Carry out a patent search for Dyson's work. Write up the results as a summary review, commenting on the dates the patents were filed and the innovations described. What conclusions can you draw from this? While studying at the Royal College of Art in 1970 James Dyson launched his first product, the Sea Truck. (Wilmshurst, Mackay, 2002, pg. 68). Few years later as a substitute to the conventional wheelbarrow came the innovative Ballbarrow that brought its inventor success, fame and leading position on a market (Wilmshurst, Mackay, 2002). The following major inventions were the Wheelboat, that is able to tr avel on water and on land, and Trollyball – effective boat launcher (Wilmshurst, Mackay, 2002). The essential adjustment of almost every upright vacuum cleaner which is called the integral hose – is also a Dyson’s invention (Wilmshurst, Mackay, 2002). ... In 1991 Dyson’s vacuum cleaner, known as G-Force and being sold $2000 for a piece, won the International Design Fair prize in Japan. His latest inventions - Air Multiplier and Air Blade - are extravagant and futuristic show-stoppers as well. This is an official and well-known story of Dyson’s early inventions. However deeper and particularized look at the details of their â€Å"birth† can give even more information for the proper understanding of the ways that led him to success. According to the Patent Database (IPL – Intellectual property Library) James Dyson filed a patent for a Ballbarrow in 1976 first in US, then in Canada. The same way he acted during the patenting of the convertible vacuum clearing appliances in 1980. Most of his inventions have followed the same pattern. Looking though the information concerning patented innovations it can be easily noticed that between the years of major inventions there were a lot of patents filed to protect litt le adjustments to already existing devices or minor changes in them. For example each addition to the bagless vacuum cleaner, such as cyclone separator, improved control valve, upright appliance, appliance for conversion the vacuum cleaner into upright or cylinder type, and so forth, was covered with patent. Dyson constantly conducted the process of improvement, adaptation and finding innovations to the existing products and patented along with major inventions all the little adjustments, combinations and more extensive improvements to them as well. James Dyson apparently timely realized that key to long-lasting success lays in intellectual property identification, in particular patents, as a methods to safeguard his interests. To finalize the image Dyson’s approach I

Marketing McDonald's in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing McDonald's in India - Essay Example Ltd. Ever since its launch; there has been significant amount of internal and external threats that have been faced by the brand on a regular basis. The SWOT Analysis Strengths: The brand McDonalds presents the American culture in the customized Indian menus, which is a huge take home for Indian consumers. The big and established brand name of McDonald’s has become a part of the lifestyle of today’s India, and youngsters in the age group of 18 -25 finds it as an enriching and satisfying experience while satisfying their taste buds. Low priced meals for the lunch and dinner time have helped the brand to attract young consumers in the McDonalds outlets, who try to cover up their eating habits with their limited pocket money based finances (ICMR n.d., p.7-8).. The menu is highly customized in nature in order to cater to the taste and preferences of Indian consumers (ICMR n.d., p.6-7). Highly segmented division of food menus for catering to both vegetarian and non vegetaria n consumers (ICMR n.d., p.7). Provides value for money products for single items and bundled product offerings for multiple items, thereby giving the customers a very effective pricing advantage that fits into their consumption styles and patterns (ICMR n.d., p.7). Weakness With the rise in fuel costs, offering flat prices for home delivery just at the rate of Rs.10 may actually reduce the profit margin for the brand in the long run. Due to tremendous popularity of the brand, there has been a significant amount of opportunity cost involved with the failure to entertain customers. Failure to entertain customers due to non availability of space in the outlets may lead customers to switch to other brands like KFC, Dominos etc. Opportunities From the time period of 1995, when McDonalds fast entered into Indian market through joint venture collaboration, an average person used to eat out only 3-4 times a month. But there has been a significant change in the consumer behaviour as of recen t times. As of today, more and more individuals prefer to eat out on a more regular basis with average spending ranging from Rs 100 – 150 (ICMR n.d., p.15). The rise of nuclear families in India has also popularized the concept of eating out and also increasing the number of footfalls at the quick service outlets like McDonalds (ICMR n.d., p.14). Threats In order to keep up with competitors of global repute like KFC, Taco Bell, Domino’s and Pizza Hut who aiming to gain an increase in market share in India by opening new outlets all over India at a very aggressive pace, it is increasingly necessary for McDonalds to get into a hyper expansion mode and fund the expansion into small town areas and regional locations by venturing into Tier II and Tier III cities (ICMR n.d., p.14-15). For developing and sustaining with the expansion process, it is

How alcoholic and drug-attic parents effects a students learner, and Research Paper

How alcoholic and drug-attic parents effects a students learner, and what is there outcome in life - Research Paper Example Children are heavily dependent on their parents especially during the early stages of their life. Parents satisfy all their demands and provide love, care and attention and thus create an atmosphere conducive for the overall development of their children. But this description is not suitable for certain households in which either of the parents are drug addicts or alcoholics. The familial atmosphere is entirely different in such cases and the children who belong to such families face a number of difficulties which cause serious damages to their character formation and also to the overall development of the child. Studies have also found that the academic performance of such learners is also adversely affected. This paper is an attempt to analyze the difficulties faced by student learners with alcoholic or drug-attic parents, to identify the impact of parental alcoholism on the life of their children and also to identify appropriate strategies to deal with such children. Challenges fa ced by learners of Alcoholic Parents Many studies have shown that most of the children start identifying the parental drug use and alcoholism between 10 to 12 years of age even though it is subjected to interpersonal variations. There are also cases in which the child identifies some sort of problem in his house even at the age of five but fails to recognize what exactly the problem is because none of the family members will be ready to explain things to him. According to the results of National Household Survey on Drug Abuse in the year 1996 8.3 million children in the United States live with alcoholic or drug addict parents and the most surprising fact is that this contributes to 11 percent of the total child population in the US. Appendix 1 provides a clear idea regarding the nature of substance abuse by parents. 3.8 million children live with alcoholic parents and 2.1 million children live in households with their drug addict parents and 2.4 million children belong to parents wh o are addicted to both alcohol and drugs (see Appendix 1). It is also observed that the children living with substance abusing parents are found in all age groups. Appendix 2 gives the statistics of children who belong to different age groups and who live with drug-attic and alcoholic parents (see Appendix 2). These statistics are quite disturbing and alarming. The drug use and alcoholism of parents put their children in dilemma at early ages which affect their character formation adversely as they grow. The effect may vary from person to person but it is much heavier in the case of certain individuals. There is a global acceptance regarding the fact that parental alcoholism adversely affects the emotional, cognitive and social functions of the children as they are exposed to the parental illness for a long period of time. There is every possibility for such persons to become anti-socials and to be involved in criminal activities and eventually to end up in prison (Frank, 1983, p.22 ). It is also possible to observe a high degree of risk involved in the case of children with alcoholic and drug addict parents to develop personality disorders, behavioral problems and ultimately to become alcoholic and drug addicts. The parent-child conflicts and conflicts between their patents may lead to impaired

Database assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Database 2 - Assignment Example It is a car rental company based in the USA. As a car hire organization, Budget Car Hire Company requires various systems to manage its operations. The company has branches all over the world and booking can be made directly via branched or online through the company’s website and agent websites. Three Proposed Applications In this report, three proposed applications that fulfill the companies’ needs will be discussed. Specifically, the three applications are to facilitate transactions and operations. The applications are: Direct Renting from braches. Online booking system. Car purchasing system. The systems will have to be integrated into a single database and network for the purpose of data access and processing. This is the function of the data modeling process. Brief overview of the Applications Direct renting from braches This application describes the transaction where the client goes directly to the companies’ branches and asks for a car to rent. Depending on the availability of car, the customer has to provide staff with his licenses, bank card number and personal information such as name, age and address. A customer must also buy an insurance package only then, a member of staff will enter the information n the system and give back an invoice along with the car keys. Online booking system The online booking system is an application that will enable customers to do car reservation online through Budget website. The online booking should be able to process the booking and produce the corresponding confirmation message or travel vouchers to the applicant. The customer must fill a form on Budgets website that provides the company with his/her information like name, age, address and other personal and paying information. Most importantly, the type of car, pick up and return time and date, location. The website calculates the price for the selected vehicle for the specified period. After that, customers receive an email confirmation. Car purchasing system The third application is for car purchasing, where employees in the logistics department Budget gets to interact with different car vendors. The Budget employee has to select the car type, color, model, price and quantity. After that the application generates the name of the buyer (Budget), seller (vendor), purchasing date and time and the total price of the transaction including the cars specifications, quantity and date of manufacture. Key Data Required for Each Application The systems require various data items because they all manage different data and processes. Each database will have various datasets. Of course, some of the data sets will have common data fields shared between themselves (Heath and Bizer 36). The databases for each application will have local model with entity relationships specifically between the entities in them. Overall, the local models will be linked into a larger model, the global data model. The global data model will link the three databases in such a way that the three applications have relationships with each other through the relationships in their entities. Direct renting from braches Direct renting from braches application will have the following data entities: Entity Attribute RENTAL RENTAL_NO Primary Key (PK), CUST_ID foreign key (FK), RENTAL_TIME, RENTAL_DATE, PICKUP_DATE, RETURN_DATE, PICKUP_TIME, RETURN_TIME, CAR_ID (FK), PRICE_PAID,

Mccall's Make me wana Holler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mccall's Make me wana Holler - Essay Example The narrator of McCall’s book undergoes a transformation of literacy when he becomes familiar with historical black authors while in prison, and changes his life to meet new goals in forming his life as an author. This is a book that deals deeply with three main themes: double standards (whites/blacks), internalized oppression vs. institutional discrimination (racism and classism are against McCall in the narrative), and labeling (because of his race and where he is from, the narrator is labeled as a deviant, and therefore perpetrates deviant behavior expected of him). Looking at these themes, one can also see how the work relates to socio economics and education. The author McCall doesn’t get much from the educational system in his area. Instead, he learns through his peers. And in a world of oppression where young black males like McCall are often driven from conventional modes of opportunity and access to productive careers and college, McCall instead fell in with his peers, in an unstructured environment. â€Å"By the time I reached the 7th grade, Id learned that a dude s life had no meaning unless he hung with someone. I discovered the strength and solace in camaraderie. It was a confidence booster, a steady support for my fragile self-esteem† (McCall, 22). At this point, the narrator feels that society has already excluded him from the mainstream because he is African American, and so it makes him insecure and drives him to these bonds leading to heightened courage and anti-social behavior in McCall’s teen group. This is also related to education, as it has been found that white and Asian students tend to do better than African-American or Latino students or students in low socio economic areas (Singham, 2003). This is perhaps a reflection of a larger problem of opportunity, access, and structural inequality, which is also shown in McCall’s thought provoking work. McCall’s story also addresses the problem of

Court Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Court Assignment - Essay Example These proceedings were held in private. This as suggested by Caren (135) could be partly because of the sensitive and confidential nature of information shared during the proceedings. This divorce case was presided over by a family court judge. It was apparent during the hearing that the members of the family court have appropriate training on how to handle the emotional nature of such cases. During the proceedings, the couple had children who were to be questioned with regard to the parent they prefer to take care of them. The judge determined that the children should stand away from the presence of the court audience during questioning. From questioning results, the judge determined that the mother was the best suited parent to take care of the children. However, this did not impede the father from visiting his children. The court established visitation rights with certain conditions for the father to receive. The judge did set child support for the father primarily because he d id not have managing conservatory or rather custody over the children. A condition was also set for the father pertaining to changes in his income such that his support to children was to be subject to change

Mccall's Make me wana Holler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mccall's Make me wana Holler - Essay Example The narrator of McCall’s book undergoes a transformation of literacy when he becomes familiar with historical black authors while in prison, and changes his life to meet new goals in forming his life as an author. This is a book that deals deeply with three main themes: double standards (whites/blacks), internalized oppression vs. institutional discrimination (racism and classism are against McCall in the narrative), and labeling (because of his race and where he is from, the narrator is labeled as a deviant, and therefore perpetrates deviant behavior expected of him). Looking at these themes, one can also see how the work relates to socio economics and education. The author McCall doesn’t get much from the educational system in his area. Instead, he learns through his peers. And in a world of oppression where young black males like McCall are often driven from conventional modes of opportunity and access to productive careers and college, McCall instead fell in with his peers, in an unstructured environment. â€Å"By the time I reached the 7th grade, Id learned that a dude s life had no meaning unless he hung with someone. I discovered the strength and solace in camaraderie. It was a confidence booster, a steady support for my fragile self-esteem† (McCall, 22). At this point, the narrator feels that society has already excluded him from the mainstream because he is African American, and so it makes him insecure and drives him to these bonds leading to heightened courage and anti-social behavior in McCall’s teen group. This is also related to education, as it has been found that white and Asian students tend to do better than African-American or Latino students or students in low socio economic areas (Singham, 2003). This is perhaps a reflection of a larger problem of opportunity, access, and structural inequality, which is also shown in McCall’s thought provoking work. McCall’s story also addresses the problem of

Human Rights Violation in China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Rights Violation in China - Assignment Example The essay begins with a definition of internet regulation and the condition in China and then proceeds to state the conclusion before giving the premises to support it. Counterarguments can be very effective tools to elaborate an argument in an essay. Counterarguments are opposite arguments that help the reader to view the other side of the argument in question. This way, counterarguments help to give the reader both sides of an argument so that they can fully understand what is at stake and help them make the right decision. Counterarguments help to strengthen the writer’s argument especially when the counterarguments are weaker than the arguments being spearheaded by the writer. In the essay, counterarguments have been used to help strengthen the main argument of the essay and also to provide both sides of the argument to enable readers to understand the argument better (Wolterstorff 210). The main argument in the essay is that the Chinese government should not restrict internet use because it violates people’s rights and limits access to information. Several counterarguments have been used in the essay to help strengthen the argume nt and these include â€Å"The government has the right to control and govern the internet according to its own rules and laws within the borders,† and â€Å"Internet censorship system is also very instrumental in safeguarding the Chinese culture against being eroded by the western culture as seen in other countries.† In an essay, the use of various sources helps the writer to read from a wide range of materials thereby getting a big range of ideas to enrich the essay. Credible sources help to give weight to an argument by effectively quoting from materials researched by renowned authors. In the essay, various sources were used to help enrich the content of the arguments.

Security and Economic Revival Raise Hopes in the West Bank Essay Example for Free

Security and Economic Revival Raise Hopes in the West Bank Essay The New York Times article â€Å"Security and Economic Revival Raise Hopes in the West Bank† by Ethan Bonner covers the reemergence of the Palestinian-covered West Bank, specifically in the city of Nablus, after a series of bloody uprisings and encounters between extremists and Israeli forces. The Palestinian authority has been longing for control over their territories, and it has experienced its first sense of security and economic stability since the second Palestinian uprising broke out in 2000. It seems that the economy has stabilized so far as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected a seven percent growth rate for the year 2009. A few infrastructure projects have also started as rebuilding and revitalization of the West Bank area continued. A movie theater has opened and a seven-story furnishing store has started operation recently which proves that the West Banks economic and security status has been stabilizing. Just two weeks ago, Israeli checkpoints have started to shut down and troops are gradually being pulled out from the area which are a part of the Israels promise to aid the Palestinian authority. However, doubts have been raised against this promise as Israel has not permitted Paltel, the Palestinian cellphone company, to construct network towers (Bronner, 2009). By far, peace and order has been evident within the West Bank. The two camps—Israel and Palestine—have been working together in order to stabilize the economy of the area which is seen as a vital aspect for the areas growth. Security has also been a matter most attended to by both camps since it also helps ensure a steady economic growth. If both the economy and the security will be stabilized in the area, there will be enough reason to believe that the Palestinians will be capable enough to handle the problems within their areas. Since Israeli troops are gradually being pulled out, it goes to show that trust is slowly being reestablished between the Israeli government and the Palestinian authority, which is a good sign for both sides future relations. So far, the Palestinian communities—specifically Nablus, West Bank—has experienced a steady growth and a revitalized sense of security. As known in previous years, the conflict between Israeli forces and extremists has greatly hindered economic and political growth within Palestinian territories, especially in the West Bank area. The traumas of conflict may have not been permanently erased, but there is still hope for the Palestinian communities in the future as the West Bank experiences stability within its local economy. Furthermore, the Palestinian authority has been present in order to address the local concerns of the area, attending mostly to the areas security. It may take years before the economy has completely stabilized and the security has been fully established, but as of now, the area has shown great signs of improvement as compared to previous years. People have felt more secure, buildings are being established and reestablished, and stores are being opened and reopened. Communities are starting to experiencing growth again. References Bronner, E. (2009, July 16). Security and Economic Revival Raise Hopes in the West Bank. The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2009, from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/07/17/world/middleeast/17westbank. html? ref=world.

The Reconstruction of African History

The Reconstruction of African History This context will analyze the contribution of historian B.A Ogot in the reconstruction of the African History. It will explore Kenya as one of the African nations and/ or countries where the work of B.A Ogot has contributed a lot in historical reconstruction. His significance in history can be accredited to the fact that his life was surrounded by the major events with specific reference to the independence period among other events that has built the history of this nation. In order to understand his contributions to the study topic, both his past and current dispositions will be analyzed by reviewing his literature that he has produced over the years. Following this, this study will also highlight various historical processes from the pre-colonial time to colonial administration in Kenya based on the Mau Mau organization, composition and its impacts. His reconstruction of Africans History The work of B.A Ogot presents various aspects of both pre-colonial history and colonial era in Africa. According to the researches conducted based on his contribution into the African history with reference to Atieno (2002) in The challenges of History and leadership in Africa, his main role was to offer defense for humanity, durability, historicity, complexity and wealth of African societies together with their culture. He offered criticism on studies based on African institutions and customary practices that were said to have failed in offering any defense to African history through adherence to African ideas of the universe, destiny and its existence. He examines the main aspects of Nilotic societies and cultures based on the concept of Jok  [1]  . This term is found in different forms of Nilotic languages whose meaning is God, spirit, Ghost among others. Ogot had immense interest in the institutional practices and the history of African thought for instance religion which was captured in his three essays he wrote. On making of a sanctuary is the essay that examines padhola religion that has been said to be contented in Jok concept and cannot be understood beside Nilotic culture. Ogot trace changes imposed in Padhola religion by the migration of Nilotes to the south, establishment of Bura shrine as a worshipping place, other denominational rivals and the infiltration of strangers among padhola in nineteenth century. Ogot embarked on effects of European religiosity on the lives of the Luo people, which led to religious contradictions in Nyanza. According to Ogot, there exists a complex process of converting first African Christians based on their motivations, training, sacrifices and evangelical activities among others. He presented how the first African Christians faced troubles from the European missionaries, African chiefs and the c olonial government. The religious struggle led to the establishment of Anglican Church in which Mango broke and founded his own church the holy ghost church. Both religious contradictions and conflicts resulted to the murder of Mango in 1934 during an attack that sprouted on the village he belongs. The essay A community of their own Ogot looked at both the rise and effects of the Maria legion of African church that resulted from a reformation of Roman Catholic Church in Nyanza. Ogot is argued to have been normalizing African initiatives, cultural systems, choices, activities and adaptations through analyzing religious based on their terms. He also showed how religion resisted toward the colonial rule in Africa. The emergence of the Nomiya Luo church and Church of Christian Africans offer a better indicator of resistance to colonial rule and/ or power. In his essay on Kingship and statelessness Among the Nilotes, he challenged the racist hypothesis that holds that, there exists a correlation between degr ee of political evolution and the peoples hamitic blood. Based on this hypothesis, he suggested that the establishment of both Shilluk and Bunyoro kingdoms was based on factors such as political, economic and military. In his work, Ogot identified segmentary states that were observed to be less advanced as compared to the Bunyoro Kingdom. Examples of these segmentary states include the Ruothships that belongs to Luo and Acholi and the stateless societies of the Dinka and Nuer. The work of Ogot showed that the process of state formation comprises different groups of people and other historical contexts. Ogot produced many essays that enable one to trace his contribution to the reconstruction of the African history from Kenyans independence to date  [2]  . There was only one essay that concentrated on the colonial state alone while others lay emphasis on the anti-colonial resistance: For instance, the Mau Mau movement that was Kenyas liberation movement during the colonial period or era. Ogot highlighted the colonial rule and its contradiction nature in Kenya and Africa as a whole. His work presented the view that the colonial state and/ or the conquest were observed to be both authoritarian and weak as it lacked legitimacy. Another contribution of Ogot is that through his work, he describes how illiterate and incom petent officials in Africa struggled to cope with colonial version of administration, the missionarys roles, impacts of both the first and Second World War, religious movements and the reformist political associations that resulted from the educated elite. Through the work of Ogot, it is clear that a connection exists between local and national manifestations of what was referred to as nationalism. Ogot explains why the nationalist party KAU failed to establish itself in Nyanza. He argued that Kikuyu leadership in KAU was the major cause of its failure in Nyanza since they only focused on land grievances in kikuyu, which had little connection with Nyanza. According to Ogot, Mau Mau movement had historical significance since it was based on Kenyas decolonization. The goals of this movement were to make Kenya a nation in other words, to nationalize Kenya but we cannot call this movement a national movement since it was confined to one part of Kenya that is the Central Kenya. In addition, B.A Ogot focuses on both the ideology and social composition of Mau Mau and its origin in the context of African imagination and colonial era.  [3]  His writing focused on the people especially those who supported the movement and who opposed it amon g the kikuyu community. He indicated that the class and ideological divisions among kikuyu people mainly implicated the variations between the loyalist and fighters. These variations were based on access to land, affinities to Christianity and traditional culture, attitudes based on constitutionalism among others. He further showed that the differentiation of memories, age, political ecologies in terms of location and dreams about the future accounts for variations. It has been argued that, songs played a major role in peoples culture because people use songs to express their visions, problems, social values and appropriate possibilities. It was therefore through songs that the Mau Mau movement came into practice in Kenya as people expressed their demand for decolonization after a long period of suffering from the colonial states. Through songs, people were able to mobilize each other therefore reinforcing their strength and spirits of other supporters. According to him, the use of songs implicated that the Mau Mau movement was anti-colonial movement fighting for the decolonization of Kenya. These songs were sang in kikuyu language, symbols, history and legends and this explains why they were said to limit their accessibility and their national appeal. Another contribution of B.A Ogot in the reconstruction of African history is showed on his analyses of The birth of national language. During colonial era most of Africans in Kenya lacked national language since the European language used by the elite lacked nationality in it The researches conducted by B.A Ogot on national language showed that kikuyu was first made a national language because the origin of Mau Mau movement took its roots in Central Kenya  [4]  . The elites borrowed their language from the European and/ or colonial state but were few to make the language a national one. Mau Mau left behind legacy in Kenya based on the inherent biases and propaganda that its still in practiced in Kenya of today. He analyses how different and important figures of Mau Mau movement were arrested and detained with unintended outcomes. Ogot has addressed several critical issues that faced African societies from the colonial period to independence. He examined Africa in terms of politics, leadership, culture, development, identities, and functions of universities and impacts of globalizalisation on Africa. Through his work, Ogot urge writers to investigate more into the social realities that resulted to the current forms of leaders and treat Africans as evil.  [5]  The corruption presented by the modern African elite began during the colonial period with writers such as Elspeth Huxley who was said to have had distrusted the over educated African elite. It was argued that most of African nationalist used political slogans of the western during their struggle against the colonial states. In conclusion, the African history is a complex process of historical events that occurred from colonial era to date. The study highlights that the struggle for African history began with the view of Ogots generations and continue s to the current generation meaning that as we come up with new topics, theories and methodologies we must adhere to the mission that Inspired Ogott generation.

The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Ess

The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether Marlow is, or is not, Conrad has been discussed extensively. Clearly, Marlow is both, at the same time that he is neither. Heart of Darkness is not, then, Marlow's story exclusively. And if we examine it for a moment as the creation of the nameless member of Marlow's audience, it takes on a different coloration. The narrator's inclusion of Marlow's story within his point of view appears as a deliberate attempt on his part to frame the concrete world and man's involvement with this world in a vision which negates the reality of both. "Heart of Darkness" creates for us the visible surface of life, but does so in such a way that we never forget that this surface is a lie. It leads us to Kurtz, but does so in such a way that we never accept his idealism at face value. And this destruction of both possible grounds for the self, grounds toward which all versions of the adventure for Conrad are directed, results in the radical transformation in the intent of writing. It is no longer one form of the adventure, an act by which man could assure his positive existence. For the anonymous narrator, writing performs precisely the opposite function. It becomes a way of destroying any idea of an act which can confer such an identity by destroying all belief in a reality toward which this act can be directed. Thus for the narrator to place Marlow's positive, creative journey within the context of a negating darkness is for him to accept the insubstantiality of the self. It is to accept the fact that man can never transcend the conditional existence of his original, orphaned state, and it is this acceptance of his own insubstantiality which is the source of the narra... ...ces on the Thames.(19)    (16) à £ The World's Classics Joseph Conrad. Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether. Edited with an introduction by robert Kimbrough. Introduction, Notes, Blossary à £ Robert Kimbrough-1984 Pages: 10 and 11.    (17) à £ The Metaphysics of Darkness . Royal Roussel. A study in the unity and development of Conrad's Fiction. 1971- The John's Hopkins Press by Baltimore and London Pages: 77, 78 and 79.      (18) à £ The World's Classics Joseph Conrad. Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether Edited with an introduction by robert Kimbrough. Introuduction, Notes, Glossary à £ Robert Kimbrough- 1984 Pages: 14, 15 and 23.    (19) à £ Heart of Darkness with the Congo Diary Introduction and Notes à £Robert Hampson, 1995 Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. Pages: 26 and 27. The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness Ess The Role of Marlow as Narrator in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether Marlow is, or is not, Conrad has been discussed extensively. Clearly, Marlow is both, at the same time that he is neither. Heart of Darkness is not, then, Marlow's story exclusively. And if we examine it for a moment as the creation of the nameless member of Marlow's audience, it takes on a different coloration. The narrator's inclusion of Marlow's story within his point of view appears as a deliberate attempt on his part to frame the concrete world and man's involvement with this world in a vision which negates the reality of both. "Heart of Darkness" creates for us the visible surface of life, but does so in such a way that we never forget that this surface is a lie. It leads us to Kurtz, but does so in such a way that we never accept his idealism at face value. And this destruction of both possible grounds for the self, grounds toward which all versions of the adventure for Conrad are directed, results in the radical transformation in the intent of writing. It is no longer one form of the adventure, an act by which man could assure his positive existence. For the anonymous narrator, writing performs precisely the opposite function. It becomes a way of destroying any idea of an act which can confer such an identity by destroying all belief in a reality toward which this act can be directed. Thus for the narrator to place Marlow's positive, creative journey within the context of a negating darkness is for him to accept the insubstantiality of the self. It is to accept the fact that man can never transcend the conditional existence of his original, orphaned state, and it is this acceptance of his own insubstantiality which is the source of the narra... ...ces on the Thames.(19)    (16) à £ The World's Classics Joseph Conrad. Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether. Edited with an introduction by robert Kimbrough. Introduction, Notes, Blossary à £ Robert Kimbrough-1984 Pages: 10 and 11.    (17) à £ The Metaphysics of Darkness . Royal Roussel. A study in the unity and development of Conrad's Fiction. 1971- The John's Hopkins Press by Baltimore and London Pages: 77, 78 and 79.      (18) à £ The World's Classics Joseph Conrad. Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether Edited with an introduction by robert Kimbrough. Introuduction, Notes, Glossary à £ Robert Kimbrough- 1984 Pages: 14, 15 and 23.    (19) à £ Heart of Darkness with the Congo Diary Introduction and Notes à £Robert Hampson, 1995 Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England. Pages: 26 and 27.

An Argument Against the Death Penalty Essay

An eyewitness to the execution of John Evans in Alabama describes this scene from the final moments of a death penalty sentence being carried out: â€Å"The first jolt of 1900 volts of electricity passed through Mr. Evans’ body. It lasted thirty seconds. Sparks and flame erupted from the electrode tied to his leg. His body slammed against the straps holding him in the electric chair and his fist clenched permanently. A large puff of grayish smoke and sparks poured out from under the hood that covered his face. An overpowering stench of burnt flesh and clothing began pervading the witness room. Two doctors examined Mr. Evans and declared that he was not dead.† It took three jolts of electricity and 14 minutes before John Evans was declared dead (Radelet, â€Å"Facing the Death Penalty†). Throughout history, various forms of executions such as this one have taken place as a punishment for crime. In 1976, the United States reinstated the death penalty after having revoked it in 1972 on the grounds that it â€Å"violated the Constitution’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment† (MacKinnon, â€Å"Ethics† 289). Since its reinstatement, the morality of such punishment has been extensively debated. I argue that the death penalty cannot be morally justified on the basic grounds that killing a human being as a form of punishment is wrong. A major argument supporting capital punishment is that it serves as a deterrent to crimes – specifically, murder. However, this argument requires that the would be killer would take at least a moment to consider what the consequences of murder within our legal system are. This assumes that the killer is capable of such reasoning, and that the crime would be considered before it occurred. In fact, â€Å"those who commit violent crimes often do so in moments of passion, rage and fear – times when irrationality reigns† (Information, â€Å"Capital Punishment† 107). Whether or not a murder or crime is premeditated, there are statistics existing that cause us to question how supportive an argument of deterrence can be. In 1989, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, appearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee said that if we look at other Western democracies, â€Å"Not one of those countries has capital punishment for peacetime crimes, and yet every one of them has a murder rate less than half that of the United States† (Information, â€Å"Capital Punishment† 110). The Information Series on capital punishment also says that states that FBI statistics from 1976-1987 show that â€Å"In the twelve states where executions take place, the murder rate is†¦exactly twice the murder rate of the thirteen states without the death penalty† (111). The deterrent value of capital punishment is certainly in question. Killing a human being as a deterrent to crime is, in essence, using a human being as a means rather than an ends. Kantian ethics state that we are to treat people as having intrinsic value and not simply instrumental value. â€Å"People are valuable in themselves regardless of whether they are useful or loved or valued by others† (MacKinnon, â€Å"Ethics† 56). Also, as MacKinnon states, â€Å"using the concern for life that usually promotes it to make a case for ending life is inherently contradictory and a violation of the categorical imperative† (133). If we hold that killing is wrong (except in self-defense) and therefore a killer needs to be punished, to follow with the conclusion that the killer’s punishment is to be killed is completely contradictory. Some would argue that the execution of a murderer is in the â€Å"self-defense† of society itself. This is a distortion of the definition of self-defense. Self-defense is when your life is in immediate danger and a reaction is necessary in order to prevent your injury or death. I believe that self-defense could also apply to situations where the lives of children or others who could not defend themselves were in immediate danger and someone else had to react in order to protect them. The key phrase in each of these definitions is â€Å"immediate danger† and, in the trial of a murderer, there is no indication or guarantee that the person is going to kill again, and there is no immediate danger or threat that requires reaction. This is not self-defense and does not justify killing. Simply because a guilty verdict requires that the murderer be punished, it does not follow that the punishment should be death on the grounds of self-defense. The determination of guilt within our legal system is also in question. Legally, criminals are to be â€Å"innocent until proven guilty†, but in reality they are often â€Å"guilty until proven innocent†. Unfortunately, our legal system is not always just or accurate. Innocent people are convicted. This can happen due to inconclusive evidence, the socioeconomic status of the accused, or jury/judge bias and prejudice, among other factors. A criminal who is convicted and sentenced to imprisonment and then later proven to be innocent can be released. Such is not the case once the irrevocable death penalty has been carried out. The Information Series on capital punishment cites the work of Michael Radelet of the University of Florida who counted since the turn of the century â€Å"343 cases in which a defendant facing a possible death penalty was wrongfully convicted. Of these, 137 were sentenced to death, and 25 were actually executed. Sixty-one served more than 10 years in jail and seven died while in prison† (77). If even one innocent person is wrongfully killed, how can we claim that this is justice? Racial and socioeconomic factors also come into play in the trial and conviction of the accused. The Information Series states that â€Å"since the death penalty was reinstated, six White defendants have been executed for murdering a Black person, while 112 Black people have been executed for the murder of a White person† (105). Samuel Jordan of Amnesty International also points out that in 1998, â€Å"although African-Americans count for 50 percent of homicide victims in the nation, 82 percent of death row offenders have been convicted for the murder of Whites† (Information, â€Å"Capital Punishment† 104). In the 1970’s the Baldus Study found that â€Å"defendants charged with killing White persons received the death penalty in 11 percent of cases, but defendants charged with killing Blacks received the death penalty in only 1 percent of the cases† (Information, 46). The Baldus Study also found that prosecutors sought the death penalty more in cases where a Black defendant was charged with killing a White. Samuel Jordan pointed out that â€Å"poverty as well as race often determines the allocation of the death sentence. Inadequate, inexperienced representation for indigent defendants characterizes most legal litigation† (Information, 104). While the unfairness and inequality of our legal system does not show that the death penalty itself is wrong, I would argue that because of the judicial disparities shown in the statistics above, we know can never be 100 percent certain of the guilt of an individual. Due to this measure of uncertainty, it is morally wrong to determine a punishment that is as irreversible as death. We cannot put ourselves into a position of God. Some will say that the killer’s actions are irreversible and that such a crime deserves an equal punishment. These same people would cite the biblical passage that exhorts â€Å"an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth†. However, if a crime deserves equal punishment, then why do we not rape the rapist or burn the arsonist? A civilized society must be based on values and principles that are higher than those it condemns. As I stated previously, to punish killing with death is inherently contradictory. Biblically we are called to live by higher values. In the New Testament, Jesus said that we may have heard it said â€Å"an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth† but he instructed us to â€Å"turn the other cheek† (Matthew 5:38-41) to love even our enemies (Matthew 5:43-45), to obey the Ten Commandments which tell us not to kill (Exodus 20:13) and not to put ourselves into the position of God by judging whether others live or die (John 8:7). Vengeance and retribution are to be left to God, who is the only one with the perfect capabilities of judgment. If the argument is that serious crimes deserve equal punishments, it is interesting to note, as MacKinnon states in her text, that the death penalty is also assigned as punishment for treason and rape. Capital Punishment is obviously extreme and unequal to such crimes. There are also certain times when the death penalty is not sought for murder cases (297). The inconsistencies in application seem morally problematic in themselves. Burton Wolfe quotes Albert Camus as saying: What is capital punishment if not the most premeditated of murders, to which no criminal act, no matter how calculated, can be compared? If there were to be real equivalence, the death penalty would have to be pronounced upon a criminal who had forewarned his victim of the very moment he would be put to a horrible death, and who, from that time on, had kept him confined at his own discretion for a period of months. It is not in private life that one meets such monsters. (â€Å"Pileup† 419) Camus goes on to say that â€Å"the devastating, degrading fear imposed on the condemned man for months or even years is a punishment more terrible than death itself, and one that has not been imposed on his victim† (â€Å"Pileup† 419). A Utilitarian might argue in support of the death penalty based on the moral premise that the goal is to increase the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people. Often the victim’s family and others in society will claim that the death penalty is â€Å"justice† and that therefore they are happier when it is applied. I would argue that this â€Å"happiness† is often more of an appeasement – – a very shallow form of â€Å"happiness† that is actually wrapped up in anger and revenge, and not what Utilitarians would classify as true happiness. John Stuart Mill would classify this as a lower pleasure or happiness as described in MacKinnon’s text (37). I would also argue that such â€Å"happiness† would be of short duration. The killing of the murderer does not bring back the life of the victim, and the sorrow from that death is not eliminated by adding the death of another. It would also need to be taken into account that the murderer may also have friends and family who would be caused pain and suffering by the death of the person they care for. It also seems morally dangerous to apply The Greatest Happiness Principle to the determination of whether or not another human being lives or dies. Using this type of reasoning a killer could be able to justify his actions if he were able to prove that greater happiness was produced through the killing of one individual than if they would have lived. The intrinsic value of life itself does not allow for this kind of reasoning for ending it. Killing a human being hinders them from reaching their goal of mature potential. As MacKinnon states when discussing Natural Law Theory, † the innate drive toward living is a good in itself† (133). Other human beings should not choose the time of another human being’s death – this is not natural. To argue that the killer has done this does not make it morally justifiable for us to do the same to the killer. Killing an individual robs them of the opportunity to rehabilitate and to live a good life. Whatever the reasons might be that would determine that a person should be sentenced to death, there can be no argument that we are prematurely ending the life of another with no foreknowledge of what their future may have held. We have no means beyond mere hypothesis to determine what the future actions of an individual will be. This is not to argue that certain actions do not morally require punishment, but simply to argue that the death penalty itself is an inappropriate form of punishment because of the way that it devalues life itself. As members of a civilized society made up of morally responsible individuals, I feel that we are required to consistently value human life. There can be no â€Å"fair† judgment of which lives have more worth than others and we cannot, as a society of moral beings, be saying that it is wrong to take a life and at the same time threaten that if you do, we will take yours. The existence of the threat itself within our legal system contradicts the value we are trying to uphold. Gandhi was a strong proponent for peace and nonviolence within society and throughout the world. Eknath Easwaran quotes Gandhi as saying, â€Å"Violence can never bring an end to violence; all it can do is provoke more violence† (â€Å"Gandhi† 49). He also said that â€Å"Nonviolence is the law of our species as violence is the law of the brute. The spirit lies dormant in the brute and he knows no law but that of physical might. The dignity of man requires obedience to a higher law †¦Ã¢â ‚¬  (â€Å"Gandhi† 152). No arguments can outweigh the intrinsic value of other human beings and of life itself. Capital punishment cannot be morally justified. Works Cited Easwaran, Eknath. Gandhi: The Man – The Story of His Transformation. Tomales: Nilgiri Press, 1997. Holy Bible: New International Version. Nashville: Broadman & Hloman Publishers, 1995. MacKinnon, Barbara. Ethics: theory and Contemporary Issues – Second Edition. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998. Radelet, Michael. Facing the Death Penalty: Essays on a Cruel and Unusual Punishment. New York, 1989. The Information Series on Current topics. Capital Punishment. Cruel & Unusual? Wylie: Information Plus, 1998. Wolfe, Burton H. Pileup on Death Row. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1973.

My Conclusion

From my task analysis I have found that I have to design and make either an Pod docking station, phone charging stand, low voltage light or a radio and the chosen product must be styled in eras from the last 100 years. Also found the different design styles in the last 1 00 years which is Art Deco, Art Nouveau, Bauhaus or Arts and Crafts. .From my investigation on the questionnaire result have found that I will design and make an Pod docking station in the style of art deco made of multi products. This is because that what my target user wants.From my investigation on art deco, I found out the happily styling features which are sunburst motifs, chevron patterns, and jumbled shapes, zigzagged and geometrical shapes From my product analysis I have found out the different type of products and the price of them and the length and I have found out and different type of styling of art deco and this has given me an idea on what to create Design Brief am going to make an pod docking station and it's going to be in the style of art deco and its going to be aimed at over 14+ and so that it would be in the museum gift shop. Requirements for the client The Pod docking station should be:It should be eye catching It should be in a design of the last 100 year era Requirements for the user It should be safe so that they don't injure the user Made from mufti-materials It should be soundly constructed It should be in the design style of art deco which consists of geometric shapes, sunburst motifs, chevron patterns , jumbled shapes and etc It should be priced between EYE-EYE Requirements for the designer and the manufacture The Pod docking station should be.

Ethics and brand Essay

Branding is defined in various ways. In the case of engineering, technological and high value products the brand name plays an important role. Customers are ready to pay premium for a brand due to the intrinsic value and trustworthiness attached to it. They trust particular brand that’s the reason they buy it. In business-to-business buying consumers or professional buyers rely on the strong and positive image of the brand. The products or services these consumers buy have impact on their business and operations. Ethical branding enhances corporate reputation over a period of time, it helps them retaining their consumers and creating long term and strong relationship with consumers in the present competitive market place. There are several ways companies are operating in the global market. Company like Toyota has different strategies for developed countries and developing countries depending upon consumer group and market. Consumers in country like Europe are more concerned about environmental friendly and fuel efficient products whereas consumers in developing countries are concerned about mileage and affordability. Toyota is one of the most reputed global brands for its ethical practices in every area from recruitment to branding. Consumers pay premium for the preferred brands. Positive brand image like ethical branding will definitely encourage consumers to buy the product over competitors. It depends on the target consumers and market place where a company is operating whether or not, consumer will be ready to pay more for ethical brands. Different technological products and services like software, Operating Systems and E-commerce activities like banking and finance, high Technology products like pharmacy, biotechnology products consumers rely on the reputation and brand image for their buying decisions. The products where the consumer has low level of knowledge and high level of requirements consumer will probably take decision in favor of ethical and more reputed brand over the other. A strong and positive brand image helps organisations to not only be on the top of the mind of consumers but also contribute to the long-term success of the product. This is the reason companies like Cola and Pepsi use advertising strategies to gain maximum of market share. Some companies adopt practice like they communicate themselves to be an ethical brand rather than adopting ethical practices. This limits realty of ethical branding. However, regulatory bodies, active consumer groups and other organizations keep an eye on such companies and their practices and investigate the matters. Active consumer groups put pressure on the corporate to adopt ethical practices. Companies become more accountable for their acts with their ethical branding efforts. Consumers worldwide are being more sensitive about ethical practices adopted by companies and the numbers of consumers ready to pay premium for the ethical brands are growing. This phenomenon is encouraging professionals and engineers to adopt ethical practices and comply with the ethical branding campaign of their companies. Ethical branding is more acceptable in the social groups where price sensitivity of the consumers is low. Professional engineers have many opportunities with ethical branding. The intellectual property rights will help them protecting their copyrights and patients, trade marks and trade secrets. They will have better protection for their innovations and will be encouraged to adopt ethical practices that can add value to the branding efforts.

Google's Hotel Finder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google's Hotel Finder - Research Paper Example However, the tool has few drawbacks as well with respect to the determination of popularity of an area where one plans to book a hotel in. On the whole, the tool has a great impact on the hotel industry by enlisting the potential winners and losers. The launching of Google hotel finder has impacted the hotel industry tremendously. Although it has created threats for numerous distributers such as travel agencies by entering into a competition with them yet it has opened new opportunities for hotels to make the most of Google hotel finder. It is made possible by allowing the users of Google hotel finder to establish a direct link with the hotel distributers on their websites instead of communicating with Google directly. It involves the role of Google hotel finder as an advertising medium for the hotel distributers that feature on Google hotel finder. Therefore, the potential winners are the hotel distributers that can do their advertising by paying a cost to Google, the most searched optimization engine. Thus it may enable them to get benefits in the form of getting increased customers that search for hotel through Google hotel finder search tool. Hence, Google has not only created a tool to increase traffic on its site in addit ion to the previous tools of Google maps and Google places, but also allowed hotel distributers to gain a lot from this new tool of Google. To sum up the analysis of a new tool by Google that enables users to search for hotels in the exact locations in which they want to travel and stay in by providing useful information about the pricing and rates of hotels. Not only the tool equips users with helpful information about the areas by highlighting the specific parts in the form of a drawing to make users decide on which areas they would like to visit but also allows them to book a room with the hotel of their

Who Killed Palomino Molero by Mario Vargas Llosa Essay

Who Killed Palomino Molero by Mario Vargas Llosa - Essay Example But the relatively sophisticated Silva is not so quick to jump to conclusions. "Nothing's easy, Lituma," he says. "The truths that seem most truthful, if you look at them from all sides, if you look at them close up, turn out either to be half truths or lies" (86)1. Vargas Llosa, playing on the normal expectations of readers of detective fiction, produces a plot that is surprising for the very reason that it contains no surprises. Yet he simultaneously undermines the expectations of postmodernist readers by keeping his detective story plot on track right through to the end. Who Killed Palomino Molero derives a great deal of its energy from metareading effects similar to those so important in Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter. The text can be read by typical "unsophisticated" fans of detective fiction as an ordinary detective story. The ending of Vargas Llosa's subplot is thus very much like the ending of the detective plots. Silva himself makes the parallel between the plots quite clear: "I've made a vow," he declares early in the book. "I won't die until I screw that fat bitch and until I find out who killed Palomino Molero" (58). 2 The Foucauldian link between sex and epistemology suggested in Who Killed Palomino Molero indicates that these two roles are not all that different.

The history of Arab-Israeli conflict Was the Oslo peace agreement Essay

The history of Arab-Israeli conflict Was the Oslo peace agreement failure Why - Essay Example The 26 years of Israeli occupation were the period, preceding the signed Oslo agreement (usually called Oslo Accord). These 26 years are divided into the two different periods: the first period is called 'easy conquest'1. It was the period, during which Israel kept around 15,000 of military occupiers at the Palestinian territory. This number was drastically increased during the period of Intifada, and according to various estimates, the number of Israeli troops at that time was more than 180,000; but in the period of 1981-83, the new rules of governing Palestinian people were implemented, and the indirect ruling was replaced by the Israeli manpower, which had to govern Palestinians at each level. This was the beginning of perception, that Palestinians didn't feel free and safe on their territory anymore, and thus the need of peaceful resolution was becoming more and more evident. What we see at present - are the consequences of the flawed process of Oslo agreement, which has been bui lt in the wrong direction from the very beginning. We have here to understand, what were the backgrounds of such agreement, and why Palestinians have not accepted it as the means of finding a common solution to their problem, as through the literary sources reviewed, Palestinians are depicted as the victims of the unfair attitudes, stated in Oslo Accord. The consequ The flaws of Oslo Accord and its failure as a means of finding peaceful agreement The consequences - violent confrontation, disproportionally massive Israeli repression and widespread Palestinian rebellion followed by the great loss of life, the majority of which is also Palestinian,2 are the examples of the situations witnessing the final stage of Oslo process failure. This process is stated to be flawed from the very beginning. 'Oslo was designed to segregate the Palestinians in non-contiguous enclaves, surrounded by Israeli-controlled borders, with settlements and settlement roads punctuating and essentially violating the territories' integrity, expropriations and house demolitions proceeding inexorably through the Rabin, Peres, Netanyahu and Barak administrations along with the expansion and multiplication of settlements (200,000 Israeli Jews added to Jerusalem, 200,000 more in Gaza and the West Bank), military occupation continuing, and every tiny step taken toward Palestinian sovereignty -- including agreements to withdraw in minuscule, agreed-upon phases - - stymied, delayed, cancelled at Israel's will'.3 I suppose that Oslo process has displayed a number of serious flaws, each of which has contributed into its failure, and thus is to be considered separately. The first flaw of the Oslo Accord and the peace process in general was in the fact that this very process has presupposed long period of 'mini-withdrawals' of the Israeli military occupiers, but only in exchange of Palestinian 'silence'.4 The core of this flaw is in the suggestion and unreal idea that Palestine would easily give up its attempts to win its territory and thus Israeli would have free opportunity to continue its occupation; but this belief was absolutely unreal. The second flaw was in the fact, that Oslo agreement implied Palestinians had to prove to the Israeli state, that they could be trusted, in exchange for certain small rewards. 5 This idea was stated by Aruri (2000)6 as

Online Writing Resources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online Writing Resources - Assignment Example Resumes should contain contact information, education, work experience, and objectives. Resumes and vitae should be tailored to suit the company and job position prompting the application. The resume may only exceed two pages if the level of experience surpasses entry level positions. Workplace writing is rhetorical and has a user-centered design. Therefore, be it reports, memos or business letters, the language should be persuasive and reader-centered. The reason for writing should be clear. Before writing, one should consider the reader. In order to write a rhetorical and reader-centered message, the writer has to do a background check on the end-user of that information. User-centered writing, considers the writer, the user, and the consequences of acting upon the message. The tone of writing depicts the writer’s attitude towards the user and the subject. Whether writing a memo, letter or report, the message should be structured with the reader in mind, to fulfill the objective. The writer should use non-discriminatory language in a clear, courteous and confident manner. The American culture requires the ESL to be familiar with the ‘local’ norms. The student should maintain clear forms of address (Mister, Sir, Professor, or Doctor) depending on a particular instructor’s preferences. Titles should only be used with last names (family names). One should always maintain lines of communication by keeping in touch and checking emails. It is also advisable to use official emails when communicating. If one is a student, using one’s university email address shows institutional affiliation when applying for an internship. Plain language is always preferable when writing or speaking. When communicating, it important to avoid lavishing praise or gifts. Keeping it simple is considered prudent. One should avoid being late and using cell phones during one-on-one conferences. People understand

Law for business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law for business report - Essay Example The second question deals with the name itself. Is the name Toys4Everyone prohibited by law? If the use of the name Toys4Everyone would be considered to be an offence of offensive, or if it contained â€Å"other sensitive words,† then the name would be prohibited. (Companies Act 2006 5(1)(53)(a)(b); Companies Act 2006 5(1)(55)(1)). To qualify as a sensitive word, the word would have to be one that is regulated by Secretary of State. (Companies Act 2006 5(1)(55)(1)). Likewise, if the name is likely to give the impression that the company is associated with Her Majestys Government, the local authority or any public authority, then they would not be able to use the name, either. (Companies Act 2006 5(1)(54)(1)(2)). In this case, Toys4Everyone would not seem to fall under any of the above. It would not give the impression that the toy company is associated with government, it is not offensive and likely would not be considered to be an offence to use the name, and it is doubtful that it would be a sensitive word that would be subject to regulation by the Secretary of State. So, there does not seem to be a legal issue there. Moving on through the Companies Act, and there is a provision that states that the name chosen by the company must not be the same or too similar to another that is registered with the registrar. (Companies Act 2006 5(3)(66); Companies Act 2006 5(3)(67)). If the name is the same as another, then they cannot use the name. If the name is too similar to another, then the Secretary of State can order them to change their name. (Companies Act 2006 5(3)(67)). This is one legal challenge that may face the Board of Directors, if in fact there is another company with the name of Toys4Everyone, or if there is another company that has a very similar name as Toys4Everyone. If there is another company with a similar name on the registrar, then they

Who Is Alan Turing Essay Example for Free

Who Is Alan Turing Essay Alan Turing (1912 1954) was a British mathematician, logician, and cryptographer considered by many to be the father of computer science. His contributions to breaking the German Nazi Enigma code during WWII were considered pivotal to the Allied war effort. Alan Turing formulated multiple ideas that now lie at the foundations of computer science and computability theory, such as the idea of a Turing machine or the Church-Turing thesis. Contributions  Computer designer In 1945, Turing was recruited to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in London to design and develop an electronic computer. His design for the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) was the first relatively complete specification of an electronic stored-program general-purpose digital computer. Had Turing’s ACE been built as planned, it would have had considerably more memory than any of the other early computers, as well as being faster. However, his colleagues at NPL thought the engineering too difficult to attempt, and a much simpler machine was built, the Pilot Model ACE. In the end, NPL lost the race to build the world’s first working electronic stored-program digital computer—an honour that went to the Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester in June 1948. Discouraged by the delays at NPL, Turing took up the deputy directorship of the Computing Machine Laboratory in that year (there was no director). His earlier theoretical concept of a universal Turing machine had been a fundamental influence on the Manchester computer project from its inception. Turing’s principal practical contribution after his arrival at Manchester was to design the programming system of the Ferranti Mark I, the world’s first commercially available electronic digital computer. Artificial intelligence pioneer Turing was a founding father of modern cognitive science and a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine. He theorized that the cortex at birth is an â€Å"unorganised machine† that through â€Å"training† becomes organized â€Å"into a universal machine or something like it. † A pioneer of artificial intelligence, Turing proposed (1950) what subsequently became known as the Turing test as a criterion for whether a machine thinks.